Table 2 Summary of immunomodulating ligands of FPR2.
From: Formyl peptide receptor 2 is an emerging modulator of inflammation in the liver
Ligand | Target cells/disease | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
Proinflammatory ligands | |||
SAA | Phagocytes | Activated NF-κB signaling Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines | |
Neutrophils | Triggered ERK and AKT phosphorylation Suppressed apoptosis of neutrophils | ||
Monocytes | Facilitated recruitment of monocytes by stimulating NF-κB activation and AKT phosphorylation | ||
Aβ42 | Microglial cells | Phosphorylated ERK and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines | |
PrP106-126 | Glial cells Monocytes | Elevated Ca2+ mobilization and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines | |
LL-37 | Neutrophils/Eosinophils | Facilitated recruitment of immune cells and stimulated M1 polarization/Inhibited apoptosis of neutrophils | |
Anti-inflammatory ligands | |||
LXA4 | Neutrophils | Inactivated NF-κB signaling and suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and proliferation | |
Reduced p38 MAPK | |||
Macrophages | Enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells | ||
RvD1 | Macrophages | Increased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and recruitment of regulatory T cells | |
Trophoblasts | Inactivated NF-κB signaling and suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines | ||
Acute lung injury | Blocked IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and production of proinflammatory cytokines | ||
AnxA1 | Monocytes | Increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by stimulating p38 MAPK/MAPKAPK/Hsp27 signaling cascade | |
AnxA1/Ac2-26 | Air-pouch model | Suppressed polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment and expression of MLP-1 α and prostaglandin E2 | |
Ac2-26 | Pneumococcal meningitis | Decreased granulocyte infiltration and proinflammatory responses | |
