Fig. 2: CAV1 plays a critical role in the survival of SEM-type GC cells.

a A heatmap of caveolae component genes in GC cell lines. SEM-type GC cells HS746T, MKN1, SNU668 and non-SEM-type GC cells SNU601, KATOIII, NCIN87. b Representative sequencing tracks for the CAV1 locus show distinct ATAC-seq peaks at the promoter in GC cells. The ATAC-seq data were normalized to take sequencing depth into account, and the scale on the y-axis was chosen for optimal visualization of peaks for each sample. c Protein levels of CAV1 in GC cells. d A heatmap of the expression levels of CAV1 coexpressed genes in GC cell lines. e Relative viability of SEM-type GC cells after CAV1 knockdown (CAV1 KD, n = 3/group). Cell proliferation was measured by Adam at various times. Cell numbers are presented as the percentage of cells at 0 h. f The top enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CAV1-knockdown HS746T cells were analyzed by enrichR with the MSigDB_Hallmark_2020 library (red; upregulated in control cells, blue; upregulated in CAV1-KD cells). g Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for HALLMARK_E2F_TARGETS, HALLMARK_G2M_CHECKPOINT, KEGG_CELL_CYCLE and HALLMARK_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION from MSigDB v7.0 in control and CAV1-knockdown HS746T cells. h Volcano plot representing gene sets of HALLMARK_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION in the DEGs of HS746T cells after CAV1 knockdown (blue; downregulated, red; upregulated, log2-fold change >0.2, adjusted p value < 0.01). i TEM images showing damaged mitochondria in CAV1-knockdown HS746T cells. N; nucleus, arrow; mitochondria. Scale bar, 1 µm. Data represent the mean ± SD. *** adjusted p-value < 0.001; Benjamini‒Hochberg procedure.