Fig. 3: Evidence of accelerated epigenetic aging of the immune system in patients with chronic liver disease.

a DunedinPACE scores based on the DNA methylome of PBMCs from CLD patients (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 17). b–d Epigenetic age acceleration of PBMCs calculated by the PhenoAge, Horvath, and Hannum clock scores. e, f Scatter plot showing the relationship between skeletal muscle epigenetic age acceleration and PBMC PhenoAge and Hannum epigenetic age acceleration in patient-matched samples (n = 17 CLDs and n = 17 controls). g–i PBMC DunedinPACE scores, PhenoAge epigenetic age acceleration, and Hannum epigenetic age acceleration for CLD patients subgrouped by disease etiology (ArLD, n = 14; NAFLD n = 5; immune-mediated, n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 17). The black symbols denote healthy controls, and the red symbols denote CLD patients. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs or as box-and-whisker plots displaying the medians, lower quartiles, upper quartiles, and means (+). ArLD alcohol-related liver disease, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.