Table 1 Categories of coding and noncoding RNA modifications in cancers.

coding RNA

mRNA

alternative polyadenylation (APA)

^25,26,28,32

alternative splicing

^36,37,39

editing

A-to-I

^43,45,46,47

C-to-U

^50,51

methylation

N6-methyladenosine (m6A)

^53,54,55,56

N7-methylguanosine (m7G)

⁵⁷

N4-acetylcysteine (ac4C)

^61,62,63

small noncoding RNA

tRNA

methylation

N1-methyladenosine (m1A)

⁸⁰

5-methylcytideine (m5C)

⁸¹

pseudouridination

⁸²

miRNA

methylation

N6-methyladenosine (m6A)

^71,90,91

5-methylcytideine (m5C)

⁹²

N7-methylguanosine (m7G)

⁹³

editing

A-to-I

^47,87,88

isomiRNA

^{95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102}

large noncoding RNA

lncRNA

alternative splicing

^112,113,114

editing

A-to-I

^{115,118,119,120}

methylation

N6-methyladenosine (m6A)

^{121,122,123,126,127}

5-methylcytideine (m5C)

^128,129

circRNA

methylation

N6-methyladenosine (m6A)

¹³⁴

5-methylcytideine (m5C)

^137,138

editing

¹⁴⁶