Fig. 8: NAC and HMGB1 A box treatments reduce liver ROS production and the subsequent activation of liver cells.

a NAC (150 mg/kg) or HMGB1 A box (5 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally or intranasally, respectively, at 1 h after MCAO. b, c MDA levels were determined in the serum and liver tissue at 1 and 2 h post-MCAO and at 1, 2, and 3 h post-MCAO, respectively, using assay kits. d Liver MDA levels were assessed at 3 h post-MCAO after treatment with or without NAC or HMGB1 A box using assay kits. Serum levels of ALT (e) and AST (f) were measured at 3 h after MCAO after treatment with or without NAC or HMGB1 A box using ELISAs. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 4). **p < 0.01 compared to sham controls, ##p < 0.01 compared to MCAO + saline controls.