Fig. 2: Strategic Interventions in Cancer Therapy Targeting ICP-Related EVs.
From: Influencing immunity: role of extracellular vesicles in tumor immune checkpoint dynamics
(1) Tumor microenvironment-derived EVs from various cellular origins can carry cargoes that suppress PD-L1 expression, and these cargoes are packaged into EVs either autonomously or in response to external regulatory influences. (2) The biogenesis of ICP-carrying EVs can be inhibited by targeting Rab27a/b, nSMase2, Alix, endothelin receptor A, and specific inhibitors of calcium channels, affecting their roles in cancer progression and immune evasion. (3) EVs can be manipulated to carry ICP-targeting drugs through electroporation, plasmid transfection, and incubation to deliver these therapeutic agents. These approaches have shown promising results in treating various cancer types, including melanoma and colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers.
