Fig. 1: TBI upregulates EV-miRNA-382-5p in patients and mice.

a Representative Western blot (WB) and image of Coomassie brilliant blue staining (loading control) of EVs isolated from the plasma of TBI patients and normal controls. b Representative electron micrograph of isolated EVs. Scale bar, 50 nm. c The size distribution and number of particles per milliliter in samples isolated from plasma-derived EVs are shown. d, e The concentration and size of plasma-derived EVs isolated under the experimental conditions are shown (n = 6 per group; Student’s t test). f Volcano plots showing the differential expression of miRNAs in plasma EVs from TBI patients and healthy controls (TBI = 12, CON = 12; |log2FC| ≥ 1 and p < 0.05). g Related fold changes in the mRNA levels of miRNA-382-5p in plasma EVs between TBI patients and healthy controls (n = 60 per group; Student’s t test). h Volcano plots showing the differential expression of miRNAs in the brain-derived EVs of mice in the TBI group compared with those in the sham group (TBI group=6, sham group=6; |log2FC | ≥1 and p < 0.05). i Venn diagram showing that miRNA-382-5p was the only significantly upregulated miRNA between the human and mouse groups. j, k Related fold changes in the expression of miRNA-382-5p and premiR-382 in each organ from mice in the sham and TBI groups (n = 6 per group; Student’s t test). The data are presented as the means ± SDs; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and NS not significant.