Fig. 4: PGAM5 activates oxeiptosis in the presence of high levels of ROS.

Under physiological conditions, ubiquitinated NRF2 is degraded by the proteasome; in the presence of low levels of ROS, NRF2 is released to activate the expression of antioxidant proteins, allowing the body to produce antioxidant effects. However, in the presence of high levels of ROS, the KEAP1–NRF2–PGAM5 complex dissociates, and PGAM5 binds directly to AIFM, leading to oxeiptosis. Created with BioRender.com.