Table 2 Selected elements from the WD-XRF data for the plaster and rock samples
Na2O | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | MnO | FeO | V2O3 | Cr2O3 | NiO | CuO | ZnO | Rb2O | SrO | Y2O3 | ZrO2 | Nb2O5 | BaO | PbO | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | Site | Context | Description | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm |
ETH1 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XI | Gray plaster | 3.61 | 2.69 | 2.11 | 15.20 | 1.02 | 2.65 | 71.39 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 1.07 | 27 | 69 | 18 | 31 | 51 | 9 | 472 | 12 | 74 | 1 | 244 | 5 |
ETH2 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XI | Gray plaster | 3.37 | 2.44 | 2.46 | 20.09 | 1.61 | 2.74 | 65.71 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 1.27 | 34 | 42 | 22 | 32 | 65 | 11 | 534 | 13 | 86 | 3 | 310 | 7 |
ETH3 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XI | White plaster | 0.76 | 2.04 | 1.37 | 9.32 | 0.28 | 0.64 | 84.63 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 32 | 23 | 12 | 21 | 25 | 7 | 375 | 14 | 42 | 1 | 212 | 4 |
ETH4 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XI | White plaster | 0.76 | 3.10 | 1.33 | 12.28 | 0.29 | 0.48 | 80.83 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.78 | 33 | 22 | 15 | 21 | 26 | 5 | 435 | 16 | 41 | 1 | 240 | 3 |
ETH5 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XIII | White plaster | 1.46 | 1.79 | 2.78 | 20.36 | 1.26 | 1.38 | 69.06 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 1.58 | 42 | 41 | 26 | 35 | 65 | 8 | 375 | 21 | 89 | 4 | 271 | 69 |
ETH6 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XIII | White plaster | 1.09 | 2.07 | 3.13 | 21.44 | 1.63 | 1.40 | 67.33 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 1.54 | 81 | 43 | 22 | 32 | 54 | 11 | 451 | 18 | 98 | 3 | 483 | 43 |
ETH7 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XIII | Gray plaster | 2.58 | 2.23 | 3.17 | 27.71 | 2.09 | 2.22 | 57.97 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 1.66 | 65 | 76 | 34 | 53 | 96 | 12 | 372 | 20 | 106 | 3 | 672 | 106 |
ETH8 | Horvat ‘Ethri | stepped pool XIII | Gray plaster | 1.23 | 2.23 | 3.00 | 25.07 | 1.89 | 1.72 | 62.94 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 1.57 | 45 | 47 | 33 | 42 | 90 | 13 | 341 | 18 | 102 | 4 | 581 | 122 |
ETH9 | Horvat ‘Ethri | complex XV (stepped pool) | White plaster | 0.84 | 1.26 | 1.48 | 11.66 | 0.17 | 0.77 | 82.88 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.76 | 31 | 26 | 14 | 26 | 27 | 7 | 389 | 12 | 46 | 1 | 177 | 3 |
ETH10 | Horvat ‘Ethri | complex XV (cistern) | White plaster | 1.50 | 2.48 | 1.55 | 10.17 | 0.16 | 1.61 | 81.56 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 39 | 21 | 14 | 21 | 25 | 6 | 412 | 12 | 46 | 1 | 120 | 3 |
ETH11 | Horvat ‘Ethri | complex XV (cistern) | White plaster | 1.08 | 2.45 | 2.41 | 17.75 | 0.20 | 1.53 | 73.03 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 1.28 | 54 | 35 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 8 | 375 | 19 | 78 | 1 | 121 | 2 |
μ (n = 11) | 1.66 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 17.37 | 0.96 | 1.56 | 72.48 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 1.19 | 44 | 40 | 21 | 31 | 50 | 9 | 412 | 16 | 74 | 2 | 312 | 33 | |||
ETH12 | Horvat ‘Ethri | Limestone from the site | 0.17 | 1.39 | 0.62 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 96.50 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 29 | 24 | 11 | 23 | 32 | 4 | 645 | 6 | 20 | 0 | 146 | 1 | |
ETH13 | Horvat ‘Ethri | Limestone from the site | 0.00 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 2.70 | 0.59 | 0.12 | 93.65 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 41 | 70 | 24 | 33 | 57 | 5 | 891 | 14 | 24 | 0 | 167 | 2 | |
SEP1 | Sepphoris | SP2 | Yellowish plaster | 1.72 | 0.72 | 2.44 | 12.34 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 79.73 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 1.24 | 46 | 44 | 13 | 23 | 50 | 10 | 407 | 15 | 52 | 2 | 199 | 5 |
SEP2 | Sepphoris | SP2 | Yellowish plaster | 0.30 | 0.71 | 1.48 | 25.22 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 70.30 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 31 | 32 | 10 | 20 | 33 | 8 | 336 | 12 | 39 | 0 | 182 | 15 |
SEP3 | Sepphoris | SP2 | White plaster | 3.27 | 1.23 | 2.79 | 13.21 | 0.67 | 0.85 | 75.82 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 1.71 | 51 | 34 | 28 | 28 | 35 | 13 | 292 | 37 | 73 | 3 | 244 | 8 |
SEP4 | Sepphoris | SP4 | Shell-tempered | 0.98 | 3.02 | 2.12 | 13.28 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 76.90 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 1.22 | 43 | 26 | 10 | 32 | 70 | 13 | 1776 | 11 | 57 | 2 | 165 | 117 |
SEP5 | Sepphoris | SP4 | Yellowish-brown plaster | 3.58 | 1.02 | 2.18 | 14.65 | 0.48 | 3.28 | 73.38 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 1.17 | 98 | 34 | 17 | 20 | 26 | 14 | 321 | 16 | 53 | 3 | 183 | 5 |
SEP6 | Sepphoris | SP4 | White plaster | 0.87 | 6.00 | 1.75 | 6.84 | 0.87 | 1.20 | 81.56 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 38 | 35 | 17 | 29 | 35 | 9 | 323 | 8 | 34 | 1 | 134 | 6 |
SEP7 | Sepphoris | SP8 | White plaster | 0.37 | 2.00 | 2.21 | 15.99 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 76.78 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 1.09 | 41 | 45 | 19 | 29 | 52 | 10 | 356 | 13 | 47 | 2 | 184 | 12 |
SEP8 | Sepphoris | SP8 | White plaster | 0.49 | 1.83 | 3.45 | 17.94 | 0.55 | 0.89 | 72.70 | 0.33 | 0.06 | 1.76 | 48 | 49 | 21 | 26 | 46 | 14 | 300 | 16 | 80 | 4 | 196 | 6 |
SEP9 | Sepphoris | SP8 | Gray plaster | 1.84 | 0.99 | 1.52 | 24.63 | 2.17 | 0.65 | 66.92 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 1.05 | 69 | 30 | 13 | 26 | 85 | 12 | 360 | 16 | 48 | 1 | 214 | 12 |
SEP10 | Sepphoris | SP8 | Gray plaster | 2.33 | 1.35 | 1.88 | 26.33 | 2.49 | 0.65 | 63.25 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 1.44 | 72 | 38 | 20 | 29 | 62 | 9 | 364 | 18 | 58 | 2 | 219 | 15 |
SEP11 | Sepphoris | SP8 | (Secondary) floor plaster | 0.60 | 1.86 | 2.14 | 8.56 | 0.88 | 0.49 | 84.24 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 1.04 | 46 | 43 | 16 | 32 | 41 | 9 | 713 | 13 | 42 | 2 | 222 | 24 |
SEP12 | Sepphoris | SP17 | Whitish plaster | 0.45 | 3.49 | 3.15 | 17.43 | 4.03 | 1.55 | 67.95 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 1.60 | 46 | 100 | 29 | 63 | 184 | 16 | 548 | 14 | 64 | 3 | 239 | 53 |
SEP13 | Sepphoris | SP17 | Gray plaster | 0.13 | 4.76 | 2.57 | 14.63 | 4.04 | 0.48 | 71.82 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 1.29 | 50 | 43 | 23 | 60 | 147 | 8 | 649 | 15 | 56 | 3 | 147 | 55 |
SEP14 | Sepphoris | SP17 | Whitish plaster | 0.35 | 2.52 | 1.15 | 5.71 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 88.09 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.71 | 51 | 21 | 12 | 23 | 26 | 7 | 1011 | 11 | 32 | 0 | 103 | 21 |
μ (n = 14) | 1.23 | 2.25 | 2.20 | 15.48 | 1.45 | 0.95 | 74.96 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 1.21 | 52 | 41 | 18 | 31 | 64 | 11 | 554 | 16 | 52 | 2 | 188 | 25 | |||
SEP15 | Sepphoris | Limestone from the site | 0.00 | 32.44 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 67.07 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 109 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
GAM1 | Gamla | L1060 | Whitish plaster | 1.17 | 6.17 | 8.38 | 31.99 | 1.77 | 0.78 | 41.37 | 1.40 | 0.17 | 6.81 | 124 | 132 | 85 | 40 | 79 | 14 | 1718 | 16 | 135 | 23 | 860 | 5 |
GAM2 | Gamla | L1060 | Whitish plaster | 1.40 | 10.56 | 8.58 | 40.89 | 1.79 | 1.04 | 27.06 | 1.43 | 0.16 | 7.08 | 130 | 142 | 79 | 55 | 112 | 17 | 1242 | 19 | 152 | 23 | 490 | 14 |
GAM3 | Gamla | L1062 (reservoir) | Whitish plaster | 1.13 | 5.20 | 6.85 | 37.81 | 2.05 | 0.74 | 39.79 | 1.08 | 0.16 | 5.19 | 102 | 107 | 67 | 47 | 99 | 16 | 1194 | 19 | 117 | 20 | 694 | 10 |
GAM4 | Gamla | L1024 (channel) | Yellowish plaster | 1.31 | 5.30 | 10.53 | 38.87 | 1.28 | 0.83 | 32.28 | 1.64 | 0.13 | 7.83 | 168 | 180 | 95 | 54 | 111 | 15 | 706 | 24 | 173 | 28 | 424 | 30 |
GAM5 | Gamla | L3105 | Cream plaster | 0.93 | 5.58 | 6.11 | 26.53 | 1.57 | 1.14 | 52.28 | 1.02 | 0.10 | 4.73 | 85 | 88 | 48 | 33 | 61 | 16 | 1413 | 12 | 99 | 15 | 921 | 8 |
GAM6 | Gamla | L1293 | Cream plaster | 1.13 | 5.88 | 7.10 | 29.45 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 48.35 | 1.17 | 0.09 | 5.55 | 129 | 107 | 54 | 36 | 57 | 13 | 2024 | 14 | 114 | 19 | 621 | 5 |
GAM7 | Gamla | L1293 | Cream plaster | 1.78 | 5.13 | 8.64 | 31.31 | 1.55 | 1.17 | 42.76 | 1.30 | 0.12 | 6.24 | 164 | 178 | 89 | 63 | 104 | 17 | 1416 | 24 | 124 | 20 | 844 | 5 |
GAM8 | Gamla | L1293 | Whitish plaster | 2.21 | 7.95 | 10.21 | 38.97 | 1.18 | 0.99 | 28.96 | 1.58 | 0.12 | 7.84 | 211 | 200 | 120 | 56 | 118 | 16 | 1068 | 30 | 139 | 26 | 788 | 6 |
GAM9 | Gamla | L1293 | White plaster | 1.66 | 5.49 | 9.94 | 33.75 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 38.51 | 1.51 | 0.11 | 7.35 | 170 | 222 | 108 | 53 | 104 | 16 | 1260 | 26 | 134 | 26 | 857 | 7 |
μ (n = 9) | 1.41 | 6.36 | 8.48 | 34.40 | 1.39 | 0.93 | 39.04 | 1.35 | 0.13 | 6.52 | 142 | 151 | 83 | 49 | 94 | 15 | 1338 | 20 | 132 | 22 | 722 | 10 | |||
GAM10 | Gamla | Limestone from the site | 0.00 | 29.26 | 3.37 | 10.52 | 0.09 | 0.46 | 53.79 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 2.13 | 30 | 27 | 28 | 16 | 23 | 9 | 1739 | 6 | 46 | 4 | 34 | 3 | |
GAM11 | Gamla | Limestone from the site | 0.00 | 28.01 | 4.08 | 13.87 | 0.10 | 0.56 | 50.33 | 0.39 | 0.06 | 2.61 | 31 | 37 | 33 | 19 | 26 | 10 | 1526 | 8 | 51 | 5 | 33 | 2 | |
GAM12 | Gamla | Basalt from the site | 2.74 | 7.68 | 14.56 | 49.50 | 0.51 | 0.98 | 9.75 | 2.11 | 0.17 | 12.00 | 293 | 448 | 272 | 70 | 133 | 13 | 686 | 31 | 198 | 34 | 298 | 4 | |
YOD1 | Yodefat | no. 1 | Reddish, fine-grained on bedrock | 0.36 | 13.09 | 1.70 | 5.18 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 78.14 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 29 | 17 | 13 | 27 | 15 | 7 | 197 | 6 | 36 | 1 | 58 | 3 |
YOD2 | Yodefat | no. 1 | Pinkish plaster, 2nd layer | 0.43 | 7.43 | 6.37 | 31.16 | 1.11 | 0.59 | 48.84 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 3.30 | 59 | 64 | 35 | 32 | 85 | 14 | 147 | 19 | 151 | 11 | 249 | 7 |
YOD3 | Yodefat | no. 1 | Light-reddish/brown, topmost | 0.58 | 7.90 | 3.62 | 23.07 | 4.10 | 0.35 | 57.93 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 1.92 | 45 | 37 | 21 | 28 | 74 | 10 | 295 | 11 | 81 | 5 | 173 | 10 |
YOD4 | Yodefat | no. 1, cistern | Light-reddish/brown, topmost | 0.34 | 11.94 | 1.51 | 21.21 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 63.66 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.65 | 37 | 25 | 10 | 19 | 28 | 8 | 168 | 5 | 30 | 0 | 59 | 4 |
YOD5 | Yodefat | no. 2 | Light-reddish, smooth/fine | 0.46 | 6.55 | 5.25 | 24.44 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 58.33 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 2.72 | 60 | 52 | 37 | 27 | 56 | 15 | 212 | 15 | 113 | 7 | 256 | 8 |
YOD6 | Yodefat | no. 2 | Light-reddish, smooth/fine | 0.59 | 6.23 | 4.93 | 20.58 | 0.98 | 0.54 | 62.99 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 2.50 | 62 | 50 | 32 | 27 | 53 | 12 | 205 | 15 | 102 | 7 | 223 | 6 |
μ (n = 6) | 0.46 | 8.86 | 3.90 | 20.94 | 1.26 | 0.41 | 61.65 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 2.02 | 49 | 41 | 25 | 27 | 52 | 11 | 204 | 12 | 86 | 5 | 170 | 6 | |||
YOD7 | Yodefat | Limestone from the site | 0.39 | 39.64 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 59.37 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 11 | 8 | 0 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 124 | 4 | 12 | 0 | 7 | 2 | |
YOD8 | Yodefat | Limestone from the site | 0.38 | 29.71 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 69.71 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 85 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
NAF1 | Keren Naftali | Sq. D | Pinkish, coarse, lowermost layer | 0.34 | 5.62 | 3.43 | 14.16 | 1.02 | 0.56 | 72.89 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 1.64 | 46 | 41 | 16 | 26 | 61 | 11 | 162 | 11 | 70 | 4 | 112 | 39 |
NAF2 | Keren Naftali | Sq. D | Pinkish, coarse, lowermost layer | 0.46 | 8.86 | 2.74 | 12.50 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 72.81 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 1.31 | 70 | 35 | 14 | 26 | 48 | 8 | 161 | 9 | 55 | 4 | 94 | 23 |
NAF3 | Keren Naftali | Sq. D | Light pinkish, smooth, top-layer | 0.35 | 4.37 | 2.79 | 14.39 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 75.46 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 1.37 | 63 | 31 | 13 | 23 | 41 | 8 | 192 | 11 | 55 | 2 | 101 | 6 |
NAF4 | Keren Naftali | Sq. D | Light pinkish, smooth, top-layer | 0.36 | 4.75 | 3.09 | 17.16 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 71.67 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 1.72 | 56 | 37 | 13 | 24 | 47 | 9 | 191 | 11 | 61 | 3 | 112 | 9 |
μ (n = 4) | 0.38 | 5.90 | 3.01 | 14.55 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 73.21 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 1.51 | 59 | 36 | 14 | 25 | 49 | 9 | 176 | 10 | 60 | 3 | 105 | 19 | |||
NAF5 | Keren Naftali | Limestone from the site | 0.37 | 23.12 | 0.49 | 5.85 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 69.58 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 20 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 69 | 3 | 16 | 0 | 12 | 3 | |
NAF6 | Keren Naftali | Limestone from the site | 0.38 | 36.39 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 62.69 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 22 | 9 | 1 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 123 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 2 |