Table 3 Selected elements from the ICP-MS data for the plaster and rock samples

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ETH1

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XI

Gray plaster

6.54

8.53

5.93

1.24

0.30

0.63

229

1.02

2.27

8.54

1.28

3.33

5.7

411

2

52

ETH2

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XI

Gray plaster

7.76

10.15

6.91

1.45

0.35

0.71

288

1.18

2.72

9.90

1.49

4.74

6.5

459

2

62

ETH3

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XI

White plaster

8.88

8.63

8.37

1.72

0.46

0.70

194

0.71

1.32

11.60

0.60

2.51

2.8

327

1

25

ETH4

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XI

White plaster

9.38

8.62

8.73

1.85

0.48

0.74

225

0.69

1.36

12.05

0.60

1.73

2.9

380

1

26

ETH5

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XIII

White plaster

10.81

12.83

9.32

1.98

0.51

1.02

249

1.33

2.93

15.83

1.55

70.67

6.6

326

3

66

ETH6

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XIII

White plaster

10.18

14.31

9.08

1.98

0.46

0.96

444

1.54

3.40

13.34

1.87

41.02

8.0

390

3

78

ETH7

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XIII

Gray plaster

10.70

14.37

9.41

1.96

0.49

1.11

619

1.62

3.57

15.50

1.98

108.31

10.9

322

3

82

ETH8

Horvat ‘Ethri

stepped pool XIII

Gray plaster

10.69

13.35

9.20

1.97

0.48

1.00

548

1.47

3.43

14.65

1.85

129.83

9.3

296

3

79

ETH9

Horvat ‘Ethri

complex XV (stepped pool)

White plaster

7.12

7.92

6.60

1.40

0.36

0.61

164

0.70

1.42

9.46

0.71

1.94

3.3

334

1

30

ETH10

Horvat ‘Ethri

complex XV (cistern)

White plaster

7.08

7.92

6.65

1.41

0.35

0.60

106

0.72

1.47

9.22

0.74

1.25

2.8

349

1

31

ETH11

Horvat ‘Ethri

complex XV (cistern)

White plaster

11.90

13.35

11.25

2.36

0.59

0.94

104

1.16

2.60

14.61

1.34

2.58

5.6

320

2

57

μ (n = 11)

9.19

10.91

8.31

1.76

0.44

0.82

288

1.10

2.41

12.24

1.27

33.45

5.87

356

2

54

ETH12

Horvat ‘Ethri

Limestone from the site

2.30

2.05

1.79

0.35

0.10

0.26

133

0.26

0.37

4.07

0.12

0.65

1.2

562

1

6

ETH13

Horvat ‘Ethri

Limestone from the site

5.47

3.73

3.89

0.86

0.23

0.65

153

0.43

0.58

10.76

0.16

0.78

2.1

775

1

7

SEP1

Sepphoris

SP2

Yellowish plaster

8.40

12.03

7.57

1.58

0.40

0.70

178

1.03

2.28

10.94

0.81

4.94

5.8

347

2

34

SEP2

Sepphoris

SP2

Yellowish plaster

6.44

8.63

5.82

1.23

0.32

0.53

170

0.75

1.67

8.50

0.59

13.31

5.1

287

1

25

SEP3

Sepphoris

SP2

White plaster

22.02

24.37

20.72

4.26

1.10

1.42

218

1.21

3.00

28.70

1.26

5.95

7.6

244

2

51

SEP4

Sepphoris

SP4

Shell-tempered

5.75

10.51

5.34

1.17

0.31

0.55

150

0.94

2.14

7.97

0.78

119.32

9.1

1520

2

32

SEP5

Sepphoris

SP4

Yellowish-brown plaster

9.97

14.14

9.20

1.92

0.49

0.77

165

1.03

2.30

12.25

0.87

3.53

10.9

275

2

36

SEP6

Sepphoris

SP4

White plaster

3.96

5.60

3.21

0.71

0.17

0.36

125

0.71

1.42

5.59

0.45

3.50

6.8

279

1

19

SEP7

Sepphoris

SP8

White plaster

7.49

9.41

6.36

1.28

0.32

0.59

165

0.91

2.16

9.61

0.73

11.55

7.4

304

2

30

SEP8

Sepphoris

SP8

White plaster

10.03

17.51

8.93

1.88

0.45

0.82

178

1.55

3.98

11.60

1.45

5.54

10.9

257

3

59

SEP9

Sepphoris

SP8

Gray plaster

11.80

17.99

10.83

2.27

0.56

0.78

198

0.83

1.83

13.63

0.79

12.25

7.7

320

1

33

SEP10

Sepphoris

SP8

Gray plaster

13.26

21.13

12.29

2.46

0.62

0.90

199

1.03

2.23

14.55

0.93

14.61

7.2

314

2

39

SEP11

Sepphoris

SP8

(Secondary) floor plaster

5.56

8.20

4.60

0.98

0.25

0.58

203

0.87

1.74

8.96

0.56

24.83

5.8

623

2

24

SEP12

Sepphoris

SP17

Whitish plaster

7.54

12.08

6.50

1.38

0.33

0.72

214

1.35

3.44

10.47

1.07

54.17

12.4

473

3

45

SEP13

Sepphoris

SP17

Gray plaster

7.08

10.32

5.96

1.22

0.30

0.74

133

1.12

2.60

11.40

0.90

55.59

5.7

559

2

38

SEP14

Sepphoris

SP17

Whitish plaster

4.33

5.54

3.70

0.80

0.21

0.47

90

0.50

1.00

6.91

0.33

20.49

3.4

876

1

14

μ (n = 14)

8.83

12.68

7.93

1.65

0.42

0.71

170

0.99

2.27

11.51

0.82

24.97

7.55

477

2

34

SEP15

Sepphoris

Limestone from the site

0.54

1.07

0.49

0.10

0.02

0.04

4

0.17

0.18

0.46

0.05

0.44

1.4

99

0

2

GAM1

Gamla

L1060

Whitish plaster

14.76

29.25

15.18

3.40

1.11

0.93

795

1.76

17.06

12.65

2.28

3.42

11.0

1452

9

97

GAM2

Gamla

L1060

Whitish plaster

15.82

31.09

15.97

3.59

1.12

1.06

445

1.97

16.79

14.28

2.65

13.07

12.7

1022

10

112

GAM3

Gamla

L1062 (reservoir)

Whitish plaster

15.57

28.55

14.61

3.13

0.96

0.96

641

1.83

14.93

13.61

2.01

7.87

12.8

1001

7

85

GAM4

Gamla

L1024 (channel)

Yellowish plaster

21.22

42.12

21.69

4.70

1.50

1.37

388

2.59

21.07

18.59

3.18

28.16

12.3

589

12

133

GAM5

Gamla

L3105

Cream plaster

10.43

20.08

10.58

2.42

0.77

0.68

852

1.28

11.20

9.11

1.60

5.68

12.9

1202

6

69

GAM6

Gamla

L1293

Cream plaster

12.03

23.49

12.37

2.71

0.88

0.78

578

1.40

13.99

10.73

1.89

2.22

8.5

1734

8

82

GAM7

Gamla

L1293

Cream plaster

16.56

28.94

15.93

3.50

1.09

1.26

769

1.84

15.03

17.87

2.15

4.65

12.1

1165

9

91

GAM8

Gamla

L1293

Whitish plaster

22.30

36.73

21.36

4.66

1.46

1.60

709

2.10

19.13

23.76

2.49

3.68

11.5

865

12

106

GAM9

Gamla

L1293

White plaster

18.84

33.18

18.59

4.15

1.32

1.38

776

1.92

17.82

19.39

2.28

6.07

12.9

1025

11

98

μ (n = 9)

16.39

30.38

16.25

3.58

1.13

1.11

661

1.85

16.34

15.55

2.28

8.31

11.85

1117

9

97

GAM10

Gamla

Limestone from the site

4.42

8.58

4.19

0.89

0.27

0.30

29

0.71

3.52

4.03

0.57

1.33

6.1

1439

2

24

GAM11

Gamla

Limestone from the site

5.17

10.03

5.02

1.14

0.33

0.37

29

0.81

4.08

4.88

0.66

1.40

7.2

1260

3

29

GAM12

Gamla

Basalt from the site

24.49

51.85

27.57

6.42

2.13

1.89

258

2.52

23.29

24.70

3.83

2.31

9.4

566

22

153

YOD1

Yodefat

no. 1

Reddish, fine-grained on bedrock

2.48

4.74

2.32

0.49

0.12

0.19

49

0.58

1.43

2.33

0.45

0.64

3.8

161

1

18

YOD2

Yodefat

no. 1

Pinkish plaster, 2nd layer

14.93

37.75

14.19

2.96

0.68

1.14

217

3.14

7.92

13.16

2.78

5.32

10.7

121

5

111

YOD3

Yodefat

no. 1

Light-reddish/brown, topmost

7.66

20.43

7.32

1.56

0.37

0.61

150

1.65

4.09

7.01

1.41

7.38

6.4

245

3

58

YOD4

Yodefat

no. 1, cistern

Light-reddish/brown, topmost

2.71

4.95

2.36

0.48

0.12

0.22

49

0.68

1.39

2.57

0.41

1.73

4.4

138

1

16

YOD5

Yodefat

no. 2

Light-reddish, smooth/fine

14.19

58.06

13.61

2.73

0.64

0.92

219

2.44

6.10

11.01

2.06

6.15

12.0

179

4

83

YOD6

Yodefat

no. 2

Light-reddish, smooth/fine

12.72

46.68

12.14

2.39

0.56

0.84

190

2.24

5.54

9.96

1.86

5.36

9.5

173

4

74

μ (n = 6)

9.11

28.77

8.66

1.77

0.42

0.66

145

1.79

4.41

7.67

1.49

4.43

7.80

169

3

60

YOD7

Yodefat

Limestone from the site

0.63

1.12

0.60

0.12

0.03

0.06

5

0.13

0.24

0.87

0.07

0.42

1.0

103

0

3

YOD8

Yodefat

Limestone from the site

0.31

0.56

0.28

0.05

0.01

0.03

2

0.06

0.09

0.42

0.03

0.23

0.4

73

0

1

NAF1

Keren Naftali

Sq. D

Pinkish, coarse, lowermost layer

6.67

13.16

5.92

1.19

0.30

0.55

93

1.53

3.76

6.66

1.22

35.58

8.3

139

2

50

NAF2

Keren Naftali

Sq. D

Pinkish, coarse, lowermost layer

5.13

9.54

4.60

0.96

0.22

0.43

76

1.15

2.93

5.16

0.88

22.18

4.9

137

2

36

NAF3

Keren Naftali

Sq. D

Light pinkish, smooth, top-layer

6.39

10.98

6.08

1.27

0.31

0.52

86

1.22

2.97

6.51

0.88

3.63

5.1

161

2

36

NAF4

Keren Naftali

Sq. D

Light pinkish, smooth, top-layer

7.25

12.54

6.87

1.46

0.36

0.58

96

1.43

3.45

7.15

1.02

6.09

5.6

161

2

41

μ (n = 4)

6.36

11.55

5.87

1.22

0.30

0.52

88

1.33

3.28

6.37

1.00

16.87

6.00

150

2

41

NAF5

Keren Naftali

Limestone from the site

1.13

1.74

0.92

0.19

0.05

0.09

8

0.26

0.49

1.31

0.11

0.43

2.2

58

0

4

NAF6

Keren Naftali

Limestone from the site

0.62

0.89

0.51

0.10

0.03

0.05

4

0.10

0.14

0.84

0.05

0.34

0.8

103

0

2