Table 14 Classification of different lacquer techniques and their applicable exhibition scenarios

From: Comparative analysis of lacquer application techniques for heritage museum-quality lacquered furniture imitations and establishment of a standardized evaluation system

Group

Subgroup

Grade

Cost level (see Table 1)

Technical requirements

Applicable scenario

Rationale

Black

A

First-class

Extremely high

See Tables 3, 8, and 9

Special exhibitions of cultural relics; original-state displays

Deep and stable color, high restoration fidelity, excellent performance; traditional lacquer allows audience to experience authentic historical aesthetics

B

Second-class

High

Same as above

Special exhibitions; original-state displays

Lower cost than traditional black; color and performance close to traditional effect; suitable for mid-to-high-end imitations

C

Second-class

Medium

Same as above

Auxiliary items in high-level exhibitions

Simplified technique with acceptable performance; cost-effective; suitable to complement main exhibits

D

Third-class

Low

Same as above

Exhibition props; educational exhibitions

Bright color but slightly lower stability; suitable for cost-limited, non-core displays

E

Fourth-class

Very low

Same as above

Temporary exhibitions; cultural & creative exhibitions

Lowest cost; simple technique; unstable; suitable only for short-term or low-budget displays

Vermilion red

F

First-class

High

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

G

Second-class

High

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

H

Second-class

Medium

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

I

Third-class

Low

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

J

Fourth-class

Very low

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

Golden group

K

First-class

Extremely high

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

L

Second-class

High

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

M

Second-class

Medium

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

N

Third-class

Low

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

O

Fourth-class

Very low

Same as above

Same as black group

Same as black group

Hardwood wiping lacquer

P

First-class

High

Same as above

Same as black group first-class

Same as black group first-class

Q

Second-class

High

Same as above

Same as black group second-class

Same as black group second-class

R

Third-class

Medium

Same as above

Same as black group third-class

Same as black group third-class

S

Fourth-class

Low

Same as above

Same as black group fourth-class

Same as black group fourth-class

  1. The technical requirements summarized in Table 10 are derived from the performance ranges and evaluation results presented in Tables 3, 8, and 9, Corresponding images and application scenarios for each grade of lacquered furniture replicas are provided in Supplementary information (Supplementary Table S7).