Table 2 Description of participants by metabolic status at follow-up among 193 previously metabolically healthy normal weight children from the QUALITY cohort

From: Determinants of new onset cardiometabolic risk among normal weight children

 

Metabolically unhealthy (n = 45)

Metabolically healthy (n = 148)

p value*

Mean ± SD or % or median (Q1–Q3)

Boys

48.9

60.1

0.181

Tanner stage > 1 at baseline

20.0

10.1

0.079

Tanner stage > 1 at follow-up

73.3

53.7

0.020

Age at baseline, years

9.7 ± 0.9

9.5 ± 0.9

0.166

Age at follow-up, years

11.7 ± 0.9

11.6 ± 1.0

0.323

Adiposity at baseline

 zBMI

−0.2 ± 0.6

−0.3 ± 0.7

0.358

 Percent fat mass

18.2 ± 5.9

15.8 ± 5.2

0.010

 WHtR

0.43 ± 0.020

0.42 ± 0.021

0.284

 A/G fat ratio

0.23 ± 0.060

0.21 ± 0.045

0.088

Lifestyle habits and fitness at baseline

 MVPA, min/day, median (IQR)

46.4 (30.6 to 66.1)

59.6 (37.9 to 77.0)

0.109

 Screen time, h/day

2.6 ± 1.9

2.3 ± 1.7

0.297

 Total energy intake, kcal

1712 ± 392

1707 ± 364

0.928

 Vegetables and fruits, portions/day

4.1 ± 2.1

4.5 ± 2.1

0.249

 Sugar-sweetened beverage, mL/day, median (IQR)

83.2 (0 to 238.1)

66.7 (0 to 166.3)

0.384

 VO2 peak, mL/Kg LBM/min

58.3 (53.1 to 62.6)

57.9 (54.5 to 62.1)

0.824

2-year change in adiposity, lifestyle and fitness

 ∆ zBMI

0.2 ± 0.5

−0.11 ± 0.46

<0.001

 ∆ percent fat mass

2.8 ± 5.3

2.0 ± 3.7

0.367

 ∆ WHtR

−0.0038 ± 0.021

−0.0095 ± 0.018

0.068

 ∆ A/G fat ratio

0.023 ± 0.039

0.0072 ± 0.041

0.030

 ∆ MVPA, min/day, median (IQR)

−4.0 (−19.7 to 10.0)

−6.3 (−24.3 to 5.0)

0.560

 ∆ screen time, h/day

1.3 ± 2.2

0.6 ± 1.9

0.052

 ∆ VO2 peak

0.3 (−2.2 to 4.7)

1.9 (−1.7 to 5.8)

0.147

Family history of cardiometabolic disease

 ≥1 parent with metabolic syndrome

71.1

60.1

0.183

 History of maternal hypertension

15.6

6.1

0.044

 History of paternal hypertension

33.3

23.7

0.194

 History of maternal dyslipidemia

62.2

69.6

0.354

 History of paternal dyslipidemia

97.8

93.2

0.251

  1. A/G fat ratio android to gynoid fat ratio, IQR interquartile range, LBM lean body mass, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, WHtR waist-to-height ratio, zBMI body mass index z-score
  2. *p values are for Chi-square tests when comparing proportions, independent sample t-tests when comparing means, and Wilcoxon tests when comparing medians by metabolic status among normal weight children