Table 1 Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank, overall and by sex.

From: Cross-sectional associations between central and general adiposity with albuminuria: observations from 400,000 people in UK Biobank

Characteristics

Men (n = 190,386)

Women (n = 218,141)

All (n = 408,527)

Exposure

Adiposity

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.93 (0.06)

0.82 (0.07)

0.87 (0.09)

Waist-to-height ratio

0.55 (0.06)

0.52 (0.08)

0.53 (0.07)

Waist circumference (cm)

97 (11)

84 (12)

90 (13)

Trunk fat (%)

27.6 (6.6)

34.0 (7.8)

31.0 (7.9)

BMI (kg/m²)

27.8 (4.2)

27.0 (5.1)

27.4 (4.7)

Height-adjusted weight (kg)

85.9 (12.9)

71.2 (13.3)

78.0 (15.0)

Hip circumference (cm)

103 (8)

103 (10)

103 (9)

Body fat (%)

25.2 (5.8)

36.5 (6.9)

31.2 (8.5)

Confounders

Socio-demographics

Age, years

56.4 (8.2)

56.1 (8.0)

56.2 (8.1)

White

179,611 (94.3%)

206,286 (94.6%)

385,897 (94.5%)

College or University degree

64,727 (34.0%)

68,428 (31.4%)

133,155 (32.6%)

Townsend deprivation score

−2.2 (−3.7, 0.5)

−2.2 (−3.7, 0.4)

−2.2 (−3.7, 0.5)

Lifestyle

Current smoker

23,554 (12.4%)

19,084 (8.7%)

42,638 (10.4%)

Daily drinker

48,044 (25.2%)

35,225 (16.1%)

83,269 (20.4%)

Physical activity, MET-h/week

34.5 (36.3)

30.1 (30.2)

32.2 (33.3)

Urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio (mmol/mmol)a

8.8 (6.0, 12.3)

10.4 (6.9, 14.9)

9.6 (6.4, 13.7)

Mediators

Health status

 Diabetesb

14,693 (7.7%)

8,944 (4.1%)

23,637 (5.8%)

  HbA1c (%)

6.8 (6.2, 7.6)

6.7 (6.2, 7.5)

6.8 (6.2, 7.6)

  Duration of diabetes, years

4.0 (1.0, 10.0)

3.0 (0.0, 8.0)

4.0 (0.0, 9.0)

 Pre-diabetesb

6,058 (3.2%)

6,449 (3.0%)

12,507 (3.1%)

  HbA1c (%)

6.1 (6.1, 6.3)

6.1 (6.0, 6.2)

6.1 (6.0, 6.2)

 No diabetesb

169,635 (89.1%)

202,748 (92.9%)

372,383 (91.2%)

  HbA1c (%)

5.3 (5.1, 5.5)

5.3 (5.1, 5.5)

5.3 (5.1, 5.5)

Any vascular diseasec

15,366 (8.1%)

6,952 (3.2%)

22,318 (5.5%)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

141 (17)

135 (19)

138 (19)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

84 (10)

81 (10)

82 (10)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)d

90.9 (13.1)

91.4 (13.2)

91.2 (13.2)

Outcome

Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)a

0.9 (0.6, 1.9)

1.2 (0.7, 2.2)

1.0 (0.6, 2.0)

Undetectable albumin

123,986 (65.1%)

157,894 (72.4%)

281,880 (69.0%)

≥0.1 to <1

35,867 (18.8%)

25,207 (11.6%)

61,074 (14.9%)

≥1 to <3

20,300 (10.7%)

24,848 (11.4%)

45,148 (11.1%)

≥3

10,233 (5.4%)

10,192 (4.7%)

20,425 (5.0%)

  1. Arithmetic mean (SD), N (%) or median (Q1, Q3) shown, unless otherwise stated.
  2. Exclusion criteria: participants with self-reported cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or liver failure/cirrhosis; or participants with missing values of adiposity measures, blood pressure, HbA1c, or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
  3. BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
  4. aMedian (Q1, Q3) among those with detectable values.
  5. bDiabetes is defined as self-reported diabetes or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, pre-diabetes is defined as HbA1c between 5.7 and <6.5%, no diabetes is defined as HbA1c < 5.7%.
  6. cAny vascular diseases include heart attack, angina, or stroke.
  7. deGFR was calculated from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation.
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