Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (n = 3454).
Variables | Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Participants (n = 3454) | Underweight, <18.5 kg/m2 (n = 497) | Normal, 18.5–22.9 kg/m2 (n = 2233) | Overweight, 23.0–24.9 kg/m2 (n = 364) | Obese, ≥25.0 kg/m2 (n = 360) | ||
Maternal age, years | 33.3 ± 3.8 | 32.2 ± 3.6 | 33.2 ± 3.7 | 34.2 ± 3.5 | 34.6 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 3387(98.1) | 482(97.0) | 2194 (98.3) | 354 (97.3) | 357 (99.2) | 0.033 |
Unmarried | 65 (1.9) | 14 (2.8) | 39 (1.7) | 10 (2.7) | 2 (0.6) | |
Divorced/ Widowed/ Separated | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | |
Educational status | ||||||
≤High school | 285 (8.3) | 26 (5.2) | 160 (7.2) | 45 (12.4) | 54 (15.0) | <0.001 |
College or university | 2582 (74.8) | 395 (79.5) | 1689 (75.6) | 251 (69.0) | 247 (68.6) | |
≥Graduate school | 587 (17.0) | 76 (15.3) | 384 (17.2) | 68 (18.7) | 59 (16.4) | |
Household Income, million Korean-won/month | ||||||
<3 | 425 (12.3) | 56 (11.3) | 246 (11.0) | 54 (14.8) | 69 (19.2) | <0.001 |
3–5 | 1351 (39.1) | 179 (36.0) | 878 (39.3) | 138 (37.9) | 156 (43.3) | |
≥5 | 1678 (48.6) | 262 (52.7) | 1109 (49.7) | 172 (47.3) | 135 (37.5) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 ± 3.0 | 17.6 ± 0.7 | 20.5 ± 1.2 | 23.8 ± 0.6 | 27.7 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
Current BMI, kg/m2 | 21.6 ± 3.0 | 18.1 ± 0.9 | 21.0 ± 1.4 | 24.2 ± 1.0 | 28.0 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
Total gestational weight gain, kg | 13.2 ± 4.7 | 13.3 ± 3.7 | 13.7 ± 4.5 | 12.8 ± 4.8 | 10.6 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
Gestational age, days | 275.0 ± 10.0 | 274.9 ± 10.6 | 275.2 ± 9.9 | 275.2 ± 9.5 | 273.7 ± 10.5 | 0.0535 |
Blood pressure | ||||||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 113.8 ± 13.2 | 108.5 ± 11.3 | 112.6 ± 12.3 | 118.4 ± 12.9 | 123.8 ± 14.8 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 66.2 ± 9.7 | 63.1 ± 9.0 | 65.4 ± 9.0 | 69.2 ± 10.0 | 72.4 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||||
Never smoked | 3089 (89.4) | 459 (92.4) | 2000 (89.6) | 326 (89.6) | 304 (84.4) | 0.012 |
Former smoker | 361 (10.5) | 38 (7.6) | 229 (10.3) | 38 (10.4) | 56 (15.6) | |
Current smoker | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Passive smoking | 1263 (36.6) | 160 (32.2) | 844 (37.8) | 120 (33.0) | 139 (38.6) | 0.041 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never drank | 672 (19.5) | 117 (23.5) | 429 (19.2) | 66 (18.1) | 60 (16.7) | 0.136 |
Former drinker | 2778 (80.4) | 380 (76.5) | 1800 (80.6) | 298 (81.9) | 300 (83.3) | |
Current drinker | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Parity | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
0 | 2052 (59.4) | 320 (64.4) | 1386 (62.1) | 185 (50.8) | 161 (44.7) | <0.001 |
1 | 1222 (35.4) | 158 (31.8) | 746 (33.4) | 156 (42.9) | 162 (45.0) | |
≥2 | 180 (5.2) | 19 (3.8) | 101 (4.5) | 23 (6.3) | 37 (10.3) | |
Type of pregnancy | ||||||
Normal | 3277 (94.9) | 477 (96.0) | 2112 (94.6) | 350 (96.2) | 338 (93.9) | 0.184 |
Ovulation induction | 30 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 24 (1.1) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | |
Artificial insemination | 33 (1.0) | 4 (0.8) | 25 (1.1) | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | |
In vitro fertilization | 114 (3.3) | 15 (3.0) | 72 (3.2) | 8 (2.2) | 19 (5.3) | |
History of diseases | ||||||
Hypertension | 17 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) | 10 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 20 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.2) | 6 (1.6) | 9 (2.5) | <0.001 |
Any adverse outcome | 2435 (70.5) | 295 (59.4) | 1547 (69.3) | 284 (78.0) | 309 (85.8) | <0.001 |
Maternal | 2295 (66.4) | 273 (54.9) | 1458 (65.3) | 268 (73.6) | 296 (82.2) | <0.001 |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | 42 (1.2) | 3 (0.6) | 18 (0.8) | 5 (1.4) | 16 (4.4) | <0.001 |
GDM | 241 (7.0) | 12 (2.4) | 124 (5.6) | 37 (10.2) | 68 (18.9) | <0.001 |
Peripartum depressive symptom | 1116 (32.3) | 140 (28.2) | 709 (31.8) | 125 (34.3) | 142 (39.4) | 0.004 |
Antenatal depressive symptom | 959 (27.8) | 117 (23.5) | 603 (27.0) | 115 (31.6) | 124 (34.4) | 0.001 |
Postpartum depressive symptom | 407 (11.8) | 57 (11.5) | 252 (11.3) | 39 (10.7) | 59 (16.4) | 0.040 |
Cesarean delivery | 1374 (39.8) | 141 (28.4) | 858 (38.4) | 180 (49.5) | 195 (54.2) | <0.001 |
Delivery complications | 392 (11.3) | 50 (10.1) | 243 (10.9) | 49 (13.5) | 50 (13.9) | 0.156 |
Preterm birth | 167 (4.8) | 24 (4.8) | 102 (4.6) | 17 (4.7) | 24 (6.7) | 0.514 |
Infant | 601 (17.4) | 79 (15.9) | 369 (16.5) | 77 (21.2) | 76 (21.1) | 0.029 |
Small weight infant | 143 (4.1) | 27 (5.4) | 93 (4.2) | 13 (3.6) | 10 (2.8) | 0.253 |
Large weight infant | 127 (3.7) | 7 (1.4) | 70 (3.1) | 23 (6.3) | 27 (7.5) | <0.001 |
NICU admission | 380 (11.0) | 52 (10.5) | 231 (10.3) | 51 (14.0) | 46 (12.8) | 0.130 |
Congenital anomaly | 67 (1.9) | 10 (2.0) | 45 (2.0) | 7 (1.9) | 5 (1.4) | 0.884 |
