Table 2 Fetal growth trajectories and their association with BMI, WC & hs-CRP.

From: Relationships between intrauterine fetal growth trajectories and markers of adiposity and inflammation in young adults

2A: Abdominal circumference (AC)

#Trajectories (Group membership)

Group-1

Low-falling 5.3%

(n = 36)

Group-2

Low-stable 13.1%

(n = 89)

Group-4

Average-falling 20.6%

(n = 139)

Group-5

Average-rising 12.4% (n = 84)

Group-6

High-falling 18.3%

(n = 124)

Group-7

High-rising 5.6%

(n = 38)

Global

P value

BMI

Model 1

−0.06

−0.31

−1.45**

0.26

−1.01*

0.20

0.011

Model 2

0.86

0.21

−1.03*

−0.04

−0.75

−0.47

0.044

WC

Model 1

−0.44

−1.06

−3.10*

0.78

−1.86

0.16

0.033

Model 2

2.56

0.24

−2.20*

0.20

−1.19

−1.38

0.138

hs-CRP

Model 1

1.40*

1.07

1.05

0.99

0.98

0.70**

0.001

Model 2

1.48**

1.07

1.06

0.98

0.97

0.70**

0.001

2B: Femur length (FL)

#Trajectories (Group membership)

Group-1

Low-falling 5.9%

(n = 40)

Group-2

Very-low-rising 7.7%

(n = 52)

Group-3

Low-stable 31.7%

(n = 215)

Group-5

High-stable 12.4%

(n = 84)

Global

P value

BMI

Model 1

0.50

2.58**

0.45

0.35

0.028

Model 2

0.39

1.77*

0.50

0.05

0.159

WC

Model 1

−1.39

5.22*

0.37

2.04

0.055

Model 2

−1.62

3.42

0.47

1.29

0.296

hs-CRP

Model 1

1.13

1.37**

1.37***

1.12

<0.001

Model 2

1.13

1.38**

1.39***

1.12

<0.001

2C: Head circumference (HC)

#Trajectories (Group membership)

Group-1

Low-stable 8.0%

(n = 54)

Group-2

Average-falling 31.5%

(n = 214)

Group-3

Low-rising 8.1%

(n = 55)

Group-5

High-stable 11.6%

(n = 79)

Global

P value

BMI

Model 1

−0.55

−0.10

0.57

−0.61

0.488

Model 2

−0.26

−0.37

0.14

−0.82

0.415

WC

Model 1

−0.95

−0.76

1.15

−0.89

0.714

Model 2

−0.23

−1.33

0.35

−1.34

0.515

hs-CRP

Model 1

1.16

1.05

1.02

0.80*

0.020

Model 2

1.15

1.04

1.02

0.78**

0.024

  1. Linear mixed modeling results displayed.
  2. BMI body mass index (β coefficient in kg/m2), WC waist circumference (β coefficient in cms), hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Exponentiated β coefficients).
  3. Significant P values: *<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001.
  4. #Trajectories based on 1333 participants; Reference group is Group-3 (Average-stable) with a membership of 24.9% (n = 169) for abdominal circumference, Group-4 (Average-stable) with a membership of 42.4% (n = 288) for femur length and Group-4 (Average-stable) with a membership of 40.8% (n = 277) for head circumference.
  5. Sample Size: Model 1: BMI and WC- 1242 observations representing 606 participants who attended one or more follow-up; hs-CRP 1139 observations/574 participants. Model 2: BMI and WC- 1223 observations/596 participants; hs-CRP- 1126 observations/566 participants.
  6. Model 1 covariates- age, sex, female contraceptive use, ethnicity, socioeconomic status & physical activity; Model 2 covariates- Model 1 plus uncomplicated hypertension during pregnancy, maternal alcohol drinking, and maternal BMI at 16 weeks (only maternal BMI at 16 weeks for hs-CRP). Models for hs-CRP additionally adjusted for adult BMI.
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