Fig. 1: Time course of changes in insulin sensitivity, adipokines and cytokines.

Changes in rate of glucose disposal during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (clamp-Rd) (a), hepatic insulin sensitivity index (HIS) (b), leptin (c), total adiponectin (d), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (e) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) (f). Control humans depicted by green circles, people with obesity before (0 w) and 2, 12, 24 and 52 weeks after surgery depicted by orange circles. Data are mean ± SEM, #p < 0.05 vs controls, *p < 0.05 vs obese at baseline (0 w).