Table 2 Total, direct and indirect effect among the pathways between prenatal (maternal pre-pregnancy BMI) and postnatal factors (infant birth weight, infant rapid weight gain, breastfeeding duration) and BMI z-score in early childhood: pooled effect from seven Australian and New Zealand cohorts.
β or Odds ratio | 95%CI | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI → Child BMI z-core | ||||
Total effect | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant birth weight | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
via infant rapid weight gain | 0.002 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.70 |
via breastfeeding duration | −0.003 | −0.01 | 0.003 | 0.28 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI → Rapid weight gain in infancy (yes vs no) | ||||
Total effect | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.07 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.70 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant birth weight | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | <0.001 |
via breastfeeding duration | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.09 | <0.001 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI → Breastfeeding duration (≥6 vs < 6 months) | ||||
Total effect | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.93 | <0.001 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant birth weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.002 |
Infant birth weight→ Child BMI z-score | ||||
Total effect | −0.84 | −1.03 | −0.65 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.64 | <0.001 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant rapid weight gain | −1.42 | −1.62 | −1.22 | <0.001 |
via breastfeeding duration | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
Breastfeeding duration(≥6 vs <6 months)→ Child BMI z-score | ||||
Total effect | −0.50 | −0.65 | −0.34 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.28 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant rapid weight gain | −0.54 | −0.65 | −0.34 | <0.001 |
