Table 3 Total, direct and indirect effect among the pathways between prenatal (maternal pre-pregnancy BMI) and postnatal factors (infant birth weight, infant rapid weight gain, breastfeeding duration) and overweight status in early childhood: pooled effect from seven Australian and New Zealand cohorts.
Odds ratio | 95%CI | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI → Child overweight status (yes vs no) | ||||
Total effect | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.14 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.09 | <0.001 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant birth weight | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | <0.001 |
via infant rapid weight gain | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.70 |
via breastfeeding duration | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.38 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI → Rapid weight gain in infancy (yes vs no) | ||||
Total effect | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.07 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.70 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant birth weight | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | <0.001 |
via breastfeeding duration | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.09 | <0.001 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI → Breastfeeding duration (≥6 vs < 6 months) | ||||
Total effect | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.93 | <0.001 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant birth weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.002 |
Infant birth weight→ Child overweight status (yes vs no) | ||||
Total effect | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.28 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 3.46 | 2.76 | 4.34 | <0.001 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant rapid weight gain | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
via breastfeeding duration | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.03 | 0.41 |
Breastfeeding duration(≥6 vs <6 months)→ Child overweight status (yes vs no) | ||||
Total effect | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
Direct effect | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.12 | 0.37 |
Indirect effect | ||||
via infant rapid weight gain | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.45 | <0.001 |
