Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants by anthropometric groups.
From: Central obesity and its association with retinal age gap: insights from the UK Biobank study
Baseline Characteristics | Total | Anthropometric Groups | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal-weight/Normal WC | Overweight/Normal WC | Mild obesity/Normal WC | Normal-weight/High WC | Overweight/High WC | Mild obesity/High WC | Severe obesity/High WC | |||
N | 35,550 | 11,043 | 11,410 | 1262 | 221 | 3747 | 5249 | 2618 | |
Age, mean (SD), yrs | 56.8 (8.04) | 56.0 (8.20) | 56.8 (8.11) | 55.9 (8.18) | 58.7 (7.23) | 58.8 (7.39) | 57.4 (7.75) | 56.1 (7.86) | <0.001 |
Gender, No. (%) | |||||||||
Female | 19,759 (55.6) | 7305 (66.2) | 4769 (41.8) | 495 (39.2) | 217 (98.2) | 2516 (67.1) | 2789 (53.1) | 1668 (63.7) | <0.001 |
Male | 15,791 (44.4) | 3738 (33.9) | 6641 (58.2) | 767 (60.8) | 4 (1.81) | 1231 (32.9) | 2460 (46.9) | 950 (36.3) | |
Ethnicity, NO. (%) | |||||||||
White | 33,154 (93.3) | 10,340 (93.6) | 10,654 (93.4) | 1142 (90.5) | 213 (96.4) | 3507 (93.6) | 4887 (93.1) | 2411 (92.1) | <0.001 |
Others | 2396 (6.74) | 703 (6.37) | 756 (6.63) | 120 (9.51) | 8 (3.62) | 240 (6.41) | 362 (6.90) | 207 (7.91) | |
Deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.09 (2.95) | −1.22 (2.89) | −1.24 (2.88) | −1.06 (3.04) | −1.16 (2.71) | −1.11 (2.95) | −0.82 (3.09) | −0.45 (3.16) | <0.001 |
SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 137.7 (18.5) | 132.7 (19.0) | 138.9 (18.0) | 140.4 (17.5) | 135.9 (19.7) | 140.0 (18.1) | 141.3 (17.1) | 141.6 (17.3) | <0.001 |
Education level, No. (%) | |||||||||
College/university | 12,336 (34.7) | 4690 (42.5) | 3996 (35.0) | 376 (29.8) | 74 (33.5) | 1080 (28.8) | 1460 (27.8) | 660 (25.2) | <0.001 |
Others | 23,214 (65.3) | 6353 (57.5) | 7414 (65.0) | 886 (70.2) | 147 (66.5) | 2667 (71.2) | 3789 (72.2) | 1958 (74.8) | |
Smoking status, No. (%) | |||||||||
Never | 19,606 (55.4) | 6515 (59.2) | 6287 (55.4) | 668 (53.1) | 123 (55.7) | 1933 (51.8) | 2660 (51.1) | 1420 (54.7) | <0.001 |
Former/current | 15,767 (44.6) | 4499 (40.8) | 5059 (44.6) | 590 (46.9) | 98 (44.3) | 1796 (48.2) | 2551 (48.9) | 1174 (45.3) | |
Alcohol drinking status, No. (%) | |||||||||
Never | 1561 (4.40) | 434 (3.94) | 426 (3.75) | 52 (4.13) | 15 (6.79) | 195 (5.22) | 256 (4.90) | 183 (7.02) | <0.001 |
Former/current | 33,884 (95.6) | 10,587 (96.1) | 10,949 (96.2) | 1207 (95.9) | 206 (93.2) | 3543 (94.8) | 4970 (95.1) | 2422 (93.0) | |
Meeting moderate/vigorous recommendation, No. (%) | |||||||||
Yes | 13,191 (45.3) | 3751 (40.8) | 3994 (41.8) | 434 (42.3) | 85 (49.4) | 1548 (51.4) | 2155 (51.9) | 1224 (60.9) | <0.001 |
No | 15,925 (54.7) | 5433 (59.2) | 5568 (58.2) | 592 (57.7) | 87 (50.6) | 1465 (48.6) | 1995 (48.1) | 785 (39.1) | |
History of diabetes, No. (%) | |||||||||
No | 33,224 (93.5) | 10,779 (97.6) | 10,874 (95.3) | 1172 (92.9) | 215 (97.3) | 3451 (92.1) | 4643 (88.5) | 2090 (79.8) | <0.001 |
Yes | 2326 (6.54) | 264 (2.39) | 536 (4.70) | 90 (7.13) | 6 (2.71) | 296 (7.90) | 606 (11.5) | 528 (20.2) | |
History of cardiovascular diseases, No. (%) | |||||||||
No | 33,473 (96.0) | 10,627 (97.4) | 10,753 (96.1) | 1173 (94.9) | 213 (99.1) | 3515 (95.8) | 4799 (93.9) | 2393 (93.9) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1407 (4.03) | 286 (2.62) | 436 (3.90) | 63 (5.10) | 2 (0.93) | 153 (4.17) | 313 (6.12) | 154 (6.05) | |
History of hyperlipidemia, No. (%) | |||||||||
No | 18,385 (51.7) | 6650 (60.2) | 5895 (51.7) | 615 (48.7) | 104 (47.1) | 1608 (42.9) | 2259 (43.0) | 1254 (47.9) | <0.001 |
Yes | 17,165 (48.3) | 4393 (39.8) | 5515 (48.3) | 647 (51.3) | 117 (52.9) | 2139 (57.1) | 2990 (57.0) | 1364 (52.1) | |
