Table 2 Characteristics of the participants according to the change in neighborhood socioeconomic status (N = 3909).

From: Change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and childhood weight status and body composition from birth to adolescence

 

Static-high group N = 970

Static-middle group N = 645

Static-low group N = 827

Upward mobility group N = 761

Downward mobility group N = 706

P-valueb

Family characteristics

Maternal age at enrollment (years), mean (SD)

32.8 (3.9)

30.8 (5.0)

29.2 (5.8)

30.3 (5.4)

30.9 (4.9)

<0.001

Maternal education level, N (%)a

     

<0.001

High

667 (72.0)

284 (51.9)

180 (29.6)

362 (58.6)

313 (49.3)

 

Middle

220 (23.7)

185 (33.8)

250 (41.1)

182 (29.4)

244 (38.4)

 

Low

40 (4.3)

78 (14.3)

178 (29.3)

74 (12.0)

78 (12.3)

 

Household income, N (%)a

     

<0.001

<2400

88 (10.2)

208 (40.5)

365 (63.0)

233 (39.2)

172 (28.2)

 

2400–4000

296 (34.2)

173 (33.7)

163 (28.2)

191 (32.1)

292 (47.8)

 

≥4000

481 (55.6)

133 (25.9)

51 (8.8)

171 (28.7)

147 (24.1)

 

Child characteristics

Sex

     

0.75

Boy

501 (51.6)

323 (50.1)

414 (50.1)

377 (49.5)

341 (48.3)

 

Girl

469 (48.4)

322 (49.9)

413 (49.9)

384 (50.5)

365 (51.7)

 

Birth weight (grams), mean (SD)

3509.5 (530.4)

3407.9 (569.0)

3346.1 (553.0)

3396.6 (588.9)

3408.6 (525.7)

<0.001

Child ethnic background, N (%)a

     

<0.001

Dutch

776 (80.2)

303 (48.2)

181 (23.1)

357 (48.4)

453 (65.2)

 

Other western

80 (8.3)

59 (9.4)

53 (6.8)

83 (11.2)

54 (7.8)

 

Non-western

112 (11.6)

266 (42.4)

550 (70.2)

298 (40.4)

188 (27.1)

 

Child weight status

BMI, mean (SD)

At 6 years

15.8 (1.4)

16.3 (1.9)

16.7 (2.3)

16.2 (1.9)

16.1 (1.8)

<0.001

At 10 years

17.0 (2.1)

17.8 (3.0)

18.6 (3.5)

17.7 (2.9)

17.6 (2.8)

<0.001

At 13 years

19.2 (2.7)

19.9 (3.4)

21.3 (4.5)

20.2 (3.7)

20.0 (3.6)

<0.001

FMI, mean (SD)

At 6 years

3.1 (0.8)

3.5 (1.1)

3.7 (1.4)

3.4 (1.1)

3.4 (1.0)

<0.001

At 10 years

2.2 (0.8)

2.6 (1.1)

2.9 (1.3)

2.5 (1.0)

2.5 (1.0)

<0.001

At 13 years

7.8 (3.2)

8.7 (4.1)

10.3 (5.2)

9.0 (4.4)

8.9 (4.2)

<0.001

LMI, mean (SD)

At 6 years

11.4 (0.8)

11.4 (0.9)

11.5 (1.0)

11.4 (0.9)

11.4 (0.9)

0.08

At 10 years

11.9 (0.9)

12.0 (1.1)

12.1 (1.2)

12.0 (1.1)

12.0 (1.1)

<0.001

At 13 years

8.2 (0.8)

8.4 (0.9)

8.6 (1.0)

8.4 (0.9)

8.4 (0.9)

<0.001

Overweight or obesity (yes), N (%)a

At 6 years

90 (9.6)

125 (19.7)

202 (25.3)

138 (18.6)

125 (18.2)

<0.001

At 10 years

102 (10.8)

135 (22.2)

241 (31.5)

137 (19.0)

136 (20.3)

<0.001

At 13 years

85 (10.4)

88 (16.8)

177 (27.7)

114 (17.9)

115 (19.5)

<0.001

  1. Missing number: maternal educational level: 574(14.7%), household income: 745(19.0%), birth weight: 3(0.1%), ethnic background: 96(2.5%), BMI-SDS at 6 years:106(2.7%), BMI-SDS at 10 years: 191(4.9%), BMI-SDS at 13 years: 701(17.9%), FMI-SDS at 6 years: 206(5.3%), FMI-SDS at 10 years: 233(6.0%), FMI-SDS at 13 years: 885(22.6%), LMI-SDS at 6 years: 206(5.3%), LMI-SDS at 10 years: 233(6.0%), LMI-SDS at 13 years: 885(22.6%), Overweight/obesity at 6 years: 111(2.8%),
  2. Overweight/obesity at 10 years: 203(5.2%), Overweight/obesity at 13 years: 701(17.9%),
  3. BMI body mass index, FMI fat mass index, LMI lean mass index.
  4. aThe percentage for categorical variables is valid percentage.
  5. bThe t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables were used to test the differences among different neighborhood SES mobility groups.
  6. The significant results are in bold in the table (P < 0.001).
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