Table 3 Longitudinal associations between an index of overall psychological well-being and the incidence of NCDs in ELSA.

From: Obesity, psychological well-being related measures, and risk of seven non-communicable diseases: evidence from longitudinal studies of UK and US older adults

Outcomes

Index of overall psychological well-being measures

n

Model 1

Model 2

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Hypertension

2699

1.13

1.04, 1.23**

1.12

1.03, 1.22**

Heart disease

5082

1.17

1.09, 1.25***

1.16

1.08, 1.25***

Stroke

6181

1.16

1.03, 1.30*

1.15

1.02, 1.29*

Diabetes

5629

1.06

0.94, 1.19

1.05

0.94, 1.18

Arthritis

3929

1.26

1.17, 1.36***

1.26

1.17, 1.36***

Cancer

5870

1.06

0.95, 1.17

1.05

0.94, 1.16

Memory-related disease

6376

1.43

1.29, 1.58***

1.43

1.29, 1.58***

  1. Model 1: the association between index of overall psychological well-being and an NCD was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, paid employment status, completion of degree qualification level, and wealth index. Model 2: Model 1 with an additional adjustment for obesity status. Index of overall psychological well-being measures was developed by re-standardising the average standardised scores of five psychological well-being related measures (depressive symptoms, enjoyment of life, eudemonic well-being, life satisfaction, and loneliness). Comparisons between overweight vs. normal weight for each NCD are not presented.
  2. n analytical sample size (excluding participants with the outcome before and at baseline and missing observations), HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Back to article page