Table 5 Longitudinal associations between obesity (vs. normal weight) and the incidence of NCDs in HRS.

From: Obesity, psychological well-being related measures, and risk of seven non-communicable diseases: evidence from longitudinal studies of UK and US older adults

Outcomes

Obesity vs. normal weight

n

Model 1

Model 2

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Hypertension

2773

1.43

1.18, 1.74***

1.43

1.18, 1.73***

Heart disease

7443

1.27

1.07, 1.51**

1.27

1.07, 1.51**

Stroke

9440

1.17

0.93, 1.49

1.17

0.92, 1.48

Diabetes

7594

2.79

2.22, 3.51***

2.79

2.22, 3.50***

Arthritis

3486

1.42

1.19, 1.70***

1.44

1.20, 1.73***

Cancer

8609

1.21

0.99, 1.48

1.20

0.98, 1.47

Memory-related disease

9462

0.67

0.56, 0.79***

0.65

0.55, 0.77***

  1. Model 1: the association between obesity and an NCD was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, the number of years in education, and wealth index. Model 2: Model 1 with an additional adjustment for an index of overall psychological well-being. Index of overall psychological well-being was developed by re-standardising the average standardised scores of 10 psychological well-being related measures (depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, loneliness, positive affect, negative affect, purpose in life, anxiety, hopelessness, pessimism, and personal constraint). Comparisons between overweight vs. normal weight for each NCD are not presented.
  2. n analytical sample size (excluding participants with the outcome before and at baseline and missing observations), HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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