Table 1 Characteristics of ICOSS-2 participants categorized by body mass index status (N = 5919).

From: Associations between obesity, a composite risk score for probable long COVID, and sleep problems in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals

Variable

Normal weight

Overweight

Obesity

P value

Participants, total number

3406

1710

803

--

PASC score, mean (SD)

1.0 (3.0)

1.2 (3.6)

2.9 (5.2)

<0.001

PASC score ≥12

93 (2.7)

58 (3.4)

74 (9.2)

<0.001

Age (years), mean (SD)

43.2 (17.7)

48.4 (16.4)

47.5 (15.8)

<0.001

Sex

   

<0.001

 Male

1097 (32.2)

828 (48.4)

294 (36.6)

 

 Female

2309 (67.8)

882 (51.6)

509 (63.4)

 

Race/ethnicity

   

<0.001

 White/Caucasian

1580 (46.4)

837 (48.9)

535 (66.6)

 

 Asian

1557 (45.7)

757 (44.3)

201 (25.0)

 

 Other

269 (7.9)

116 (6.8)

67 (8.3)

 

Smoking status

   

0.19

 Never or less than once per month

2736 (80.3)

1351 (79.0)

633 (78.8)

 

 Less than once per week

88 (2.6)

52 (3.0)

15 (1.9)

 

 1–5 days per week

96 (2.8)

38 (2.2)

19 (2.4)

 

 Every day or almost daily

486 (14.3)

269 (15.7)

136 (16.9)

 

Weekly physical activity score, mean (SD)

1.9 (2.4)

1.9 (2.3)

1.5 (2.1)

<0.001

Urbanicity

1871 (54.9)

976 (57.1)

525 (65.4)

<0.001

≤6 months have elapsed since the first mRNA vaccination

2818 (82.7)

1336 (78.1)

648 (80.7)

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)

21.0 (2.1)

26.0 (1.7)

33.4 (3.7)

<0.001

Reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result

270 (7.9)

145 (8.5)

100 (12.5)

<0.001

Regularly sleeping less than 6 hours per night

474 (13.9)

314 (18.4)

180 (22.4)

<0.001

Regularly sleeping more than 9 hours per night

97 (2.8)

69 (4.0)

25 (3.1)

0.08

Insomnia severity index score, mean (SD)

7.5 (5.6)

8.3 (5.9)

10.1 (6.8)

<0.001

High risk for moderate-to-severe insomnia

420 (12.3)

279 (16.3)

230 (28.6)

<0.001

High risk for obstructive sleep apnea

119 (3.5)

159 (9.3)

166 (20.7)

<0.001

History of type 2 diabetes

75 (2.2)

72 (4.2)

64 (8.0)

<0.001

History of hypertension

299 (8.8)

357 (20.9)

272 (33.9)

<0.001

History of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

271 (8.0)

152 (8.9)

118 (14.7)

<0.001

History of depression

341 (10.0)

235 (13.7)

217 (27.0)

<0.001

  1. Data are presented as numbers (percentages) unless otherwise stated. Group comparisons were conducted using Chi-Square tests for categorical variables and generalized linear models for continuous variables (where P values refer to the main effect of BMI status). A significance level of P < .05 was used to determine statistical significance. PASC post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2.
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