Table 2 Meta-analysis of UPF consumption and risk of weight gain studies.

From: Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain

 

Meta-analysis effect estimate (Risk Ratio)

All studies (N = 5)

Studies examining OW/OB risk (N = 3)

Quartile 2

1.04 (1.01, 1.07)

1.03 (1.00, 1.06)

Quartile 3

1.09 (1.04, 1.15)

1.10 (1.03, 1.17)

Quartile 4

1.14 (1.10, 1.19)

1.12 (1.08, 1.17)

  1. Lower and upper 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Reference category for meta-analysis is quartile 1 (e.g. effect estimates are relative risk of weight gain for each quartile compared to quartile 1).
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