Table 1 Adverse effects associated with current obesity treatment drug delivery information.
Name (FDA approval) | Used term | Principle | Delivery mode | Side effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Phentermine (Adipex, Lomaira) [93] | Short-term (3 months) | Reduces hunger cravings | 30 mg/day (Capsule/Tablet) | Blood pressure disorder |
Diethylpropion (Tenuate) [94] | Short term | Adjustment of norepinephrine activity | 50 mg/2 times/day | Sleep disorder, xerostomia symptom |
Phentermine-topiramate combination (Qsymia) [95] | Long-term (over-the-counter use in the United States) | -Phentermine: Reduces appetite, sympathomimetic amines) -Topiramate: anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drug | 60 mg/3 times/day | Dizzy spell condition, xerostomia symptom, sleep disorder |
Orlistat: Alli, Xenical [96] | Long term | Reduces fat absorption | 120 mg 3 times/day (Capsule) | Gut disorder |
Bupropion-naltrexone (Contrave) [97] | Long term | Decreases appetite, cravings | 1 tablet (Bupropion HCI, 90 mg: naltrexone HCI, 8 mg/day up to (360 mg:32 mg) | Bowel problem, xerostomia symptoms, sleep disorder |
Liraglutide 3.0 mg (Saxenda) [98] | Long term | Decreases appetite, increases satiety | 3 mg/day (Injectable) | Dizzy spell condition, abdominal pain |
Gelesis100 (Plenity) [99] | Long term | Increases satiety. | 1 dose of 3 oral capsules (2.25 g/dose | Gut problem, abdominal pain, bowel disorder |
Setmelanotide (Imciveree) [100] | Long term | Decreases appetite. | 2 mg/2 times/day or up to 3 mg (injection option) | Skin irritation at injection area, dizzy spell, sensation problem |
Semaglutide 2.4 mg (Wegovy) [101] | Long term | Decreases appetite, increases satiety | 0.25, 0.5, 1.7 and 2.4 mg, 1.0 g (Ozempic) Injection (optional tablet mode) | Bowel problem, skin irritation at injection area, dizzy spell |
Tirzepatide [102] | Long term | Decreases appetite, increases satiety | 5, 10, or 15 mg/weekly | Mild effect due to dose increases |
