Table 2 Overview of new therapeutic opportunity and drug delivery in anti-obesity medication information.
Compound | Source | Principle | Delivery mode | Study type |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. fimbriata | Caralluma fimbriata extract | Downregulate ghrelin production & neuropeptide (NPY) | 1 g/day orally | Clinical trial [103] |
6-gingerol | Ginger extract | Decrease PPARy, C/EBPa & FABP4 expression, increase adiponectin expression | 25 mg/kg/day | In vivo [104] |
Protocatechuic acid | Cinnamon extract | Browning effect, increased expression UCP1 and brown adipocytes marker | 80 µg/ml/day | In vitro trial [105] |
Flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids, and tannins | Alchemilla. monticola extract | Suppresses the adipogenic markers PPARγ, C/EBPα, and adiponectin | 5, 10 and 25 μg/ml/day | In vitro trial [106] |
Delphinidin, Anthocyanins | Vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves, and seeds | Suppressing the adipogenesis markers increases the fatty acid metabolism gene in 3T3-L1 | 25, 50 and 100 µM of delphinidin-3-O-β-glucoside | In vitro trial [107] |
Ginsenoside | Black ginseng (BG) | Triggered browning effects in 3T3-L1 and primary white adipocytes (PWATs) | Â | In vitro trial [55] |
Dibenzazepine-loaded nanoparticles | Synthesis based | Local browning of white adipose tissue | Injected DBZ-NPs into the inguinal WAT depots (1 mg/mL Cy5.5-conjugated PLGA NPs) | In vivo & in vitro trials [85] |
Amino acid sequence for this peak, identified as FYLGYCDY (peptide approach) | De-oiled rice bran (DORB) (by-product of the rice bran oil industry) | DORB protein hydrolysate has lipase inhibitor activity. | 2.5 g of DORB powder in 50 mL of 20 mM phosphate buffer at a pH of 8.0. | In vitro [52] |