Table 2 Overview of new therapeutic opportunity and drug delivery in anti-obesity medication information.

From: Role of pancreatic lipase inhibition in obesity treatment: mechanisms and challenges towards current insights and future directions

Compound

Source

Principle

Delivery mode

Study type

C. fimbriata

Caralluma fimbriata extract

Downregulate ghrelin production & neuropeptide (NPY)

1 g/day orally

Clinical trial [103]

6-gingerol

Ginger extract

Decrease PPARy, C/EBPa & FABP4 expression, increase adiponectin expression

25 mg/kg/day

In vivo [104]

Protocatechuic acid

Cinnamon extract

Browning effect, increased expression UCP1 and brown adipocytes marker

80 µg/ml/day

In vitro trial [105]

Flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids, and tannins

Alchemilla. monticola extract

Suppresses the adipogenic markers PPARγ, C/EBPα, and adiponectin

5, 10 and 25 μg/ml/day

In vitro trial [106]

Delphinidin, Anthocyanins

Vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves, and seeds

Suppressing the adipogenesis markers increases the fatty acid metabolism gene in 3T3-L1

25, 50 and 100 µM of delphinidin-3-O-β-glucoside

In vitro trial [107]

Ginsenoside

Black ginseng (BG)

Triggered browning effects in 3T3-L1 and primary white adipocytes (PWATs)

 

In vitro trial [55]

Dibenzazepine-loaded nanoparticles

Synthesis based

Local browning of white adipose tissue

Injected DBZ-NPs into the inguinal WAT depots (1 mg/mL Cy5.5-conjugated PLGA NPs)

In vivo & in vitro trials [85]

Amino acid sequence for this peak, identified as FYLGYCDY (peptide approach)

De-oiled rice bran (DORB) (by-product of the rice bran oil industry)

DORB protein hydrolysate has lipase inhibitor activity.

2.5 g of DORB powder in 50 mL of 20 mM phosphate buffer at a pH of 8.0.

In vitro [52]