Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population.
From: Effect of weight loss through dietary interventions on cardiometabolic health in older adults
Weight change groups | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | No weight loss | <5% weight loss | 5–10% weight loss | >10% weight loss | p | |
n | 518 | 112 | 163 | 129 | 114 | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age, years | 70.3 (4.11) | 69.4 (4.0) | 70.6 (4.1) | 70.75 (4.7) | 70.2 (4.2) | 0.038 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 186 (35.9) | 33 (29.5) | 64 (39.3) | 49 (38.0) | 40 (35.1) | 0.377 |
Race, white, n (%) | 457 (88.2) | 95 (84.8) | 147 (90.2) | 113 (87.6) | 102 (89.5) | 0.558 |
Education, years | 17.0 (2.6) | 17.3 (2.8) | 17.0 (2.3) | 16.6 (2.4) | 17.0 (2.8) | 0.251 |
Genetics | ||||||
APOE e4 carrier, n (%) | 148 (28.6) | 32 (28.6) | 41 (25.2) | 39 (30.2) | 36 (31.6) | 0.656 |
Lifestyle | ||||||
Smoking history, n (%) | 0.496 | |||||
Never | 242 (46.7) | 48 (42.9) | 73 (44.8) | 58 (45.0) | 63 (55.3) | |
Current | 15 (2.9) | 4 (3.6) | 4 (2.5) | 3 (2.3) | 4 (3.5) | |
Former | 261 (50.4) | 60 (53.6) | 86 (52.8) | 68 (52.7) | 47 (41.2) | |
Physical activity, h/week | 2.50 [0.58, 4.67] | 2.71 [1.00, 4.27] | 2.50 [0.67, 4.88] | 2.50 [0.75, 4.50] | 2.00 [0.27, 4.94] | 0.788 |
MIND diet, score | 7.7 (1.8) | 7.8 (1.8) | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.7 (1.8) | 7.7 (1.8) | 0.506 |
Medication | ||||||
Statin use, n (%) | 235 (45.4) | 49 (43.8) | 70 (42.9) | 61 (47.3) | 55 (48.2) | 0.783 |
Antidiabetic medications (metformin and/or insulin use), n (%) | 59 (11.4) | 14 (12.5) | 16 (9.8) | 14 (10.9) | 15 (13.2) | 0.819 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 283 (54.6) | 57 (50.9) | 88 (54.0) | 79 (61.2) | 59 (51.8) | 0.346 |
Intervention | ||||||
Diet assignment, MIND, n (%) | 251 (48.5) | 50 (44.6) | 83 (50.9) | 63 (48.8) | 55 (48.2) | 0.787 |
Weight, BMI, and calorie intake, at the baseline and year 3 | ||||||
Weight, kg | 93.5 (18.6) | 91.9 (15.9) | 94.1 (20.8) | 91.4 (16.5) | 96.6 (19.9) | 0.130 |
Weight Year 3, kg | 88.6 (18.6) | 95.5 (17.0) | 91.7 (20.3) | 84.8 (15.3) | 81.6 (17.9) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 33.8 (5.9) | 33.4 (5.1) | 33.8 (6.7) | 33.0 (5.2) | 34.8 (6.3) | 0.121 |
BMI Year 3, kg/m2 | 32.0 (6.0) | 34.8 (5.6) | 32.9 (6.5) | 30.6 (4.9) | 29.4 (5.5) | <0.001 |
Total calories, kcal/d | 2026.9 (712.8) | 1966.1 (781.6) | 1998.7 (662.1) | 2071.4 (671.2) | 2077.2 (758.8) | 0.546 |
Total calories Year 3, kcal/d | 1871.5 (564.5) | 1874.3 (610.2) | 1935.0 (600.3) | 1855.0 (505.7) | 1795.0 (522.6) | 0.246 |
Weight change, kg | −4.92 (7.3) | 3.60 (3.4) | −2.37 (1.4) | −6.67 (1.8) | −14.98 (6.3) | <0.001 |
Traditional lipid biomarkers | ||||||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.90 [4.14, 5.57] | 4.71 [4.22, 5.45] | 4.91 [4.20, 5.66] | 4.77 [4.07, 5.48] | 4.93 [4.16, 5.64] | 0.733 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.40 [1.14, 1.74] | 1.45 [1.17, 1.74] | 1.41 [1.12, 1.74] | 1.40 [1.16, 1.69] | 1.32 [1.06, 1.70] | 0.407 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.72 [2.20, 3.34] | 2.62 [2.23, 3.21] | 2.72 [2.27, 3.34] | 2.67 [2.10, 3.35] | 2.90 [2.23, 3.44] | 0.705 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.25 [0.95, 1.72] | 1.24 [0.94, 1.61] | 1.33 [0.94, 1.80] | 1.19 [0.92, 1.54] | 1.24 [0.96, 1.78] | 0.372 |
Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.18 [1.09, 4.67] | 2.04 [0.98, 3.73] | 2.10 [1.03, 4.98] | 2.04 [1.10, 4.70] | 2.78 [1.10, 5.12] | 0.565 |
Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 2.60 [1.77, 3.68] | 2.49 [1.77, 3.47] | 2.58 [1.76, 3.65] | 2.62 [1.63, 3.94] | 2.72 [1.93, 3.81] | 0.507 |
GlycA, mmol/l | 0.96 [0.88, 1.06] | 0.94 [0.87, 1.04] | 0.98 [0.90, 1.07] | 0.95 [0.88, 1.05] | 0.98 [0.89, 1.07] | 0.308 |
Total adiponectin, µg/mL | 7.73 [4.68, 12.32] | 7.88 [4.56, 12.77] | 7.46 [5.18, 13.07] | 7.52 [4.34, 11.46] | 8.12 [4.86, 12.11] | 0.917 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin | ||||||
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.50 [5.30, 5.80] | 5.60 [5.30, 5.80] | 5.50 [5.30, 5.80] | 5.50 [5.30, 5.80] | 5.60 [5.40, 5.88] | 0.704 |
