Fig. 1 | International Journal of Oral Science

Fig. 1

From: Defining a critical period in calvarial development for Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone dysplasia in mice

Fig. 1

Stages of GDC-0449-induced facial dysmorphology in mouse embryos at E16.5. GDC-0449 was administered at 150 mg•kg−1 b.w. by gavage to groups of embryos at E8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5 and 12.5 (henceforth, GD8.5-12.5 groups). a–f Analyses of mouse embryos under stereomicroscopy showed facial dysmorphology, including micrognathia and abnormal flexure at the skull and nasal juncture, which was especially obvious in the GD9.5 (c) and GD10.5 (d) groups. a'–f' H&E staining of vehicle-exposed and GD8.5-GD12.5 mice showing the frontal bone (arrow) formed by the trabecular bone (black dotted line), and a reduced bone matrix in the GD9.5 (c') and GD10.5 (d') groups. Scale bars = 1 mm, except 250 μm in (a'–f'). g Ratio of skull size to overall size. h Percentage of frontal bone area of the total frontal region. n = 6 embryos per group from three litters. Values are the mean ± SD. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ***P< 0.001

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