Fig. 2

Exposure-dependent facial measurement analysis. Heads of embryos stained with Alcian blue and Alizarin Red S (red, bone; blue, cartilage). a–f Side views of skulls showing micromaxillary deformities and smaller skull bones in the GD8.5–GD12.5 groups. g–l Superior views of GD8.5-12.5 skulls showing gaps (red dotted lines) between the two frontal bones. In GD9.5 (i) and GD10.5 (j) embryos, the defect between the two frontal bones was significantly enlarged. m Schematic of a mouse head indicating the locations of the measurements. Comparison of the anterior metopic suture distance (A), posterior metopic suture distance (P), width of the head (W), length of the head (L), area of the frontal bones (fb), and area of the patent suture in the frontal region. Comparisons of vehicle-exposed and GDC-0449-exposed mice showing differences in n length of the anterior and posterior metopic suture, o length and width of the head, p area of the frontal bones and q area of the patent suture. (n = 6 embryos per group from three litters). The values are the mean ± SD. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ***P< 0.001