Fig. 1 | International Journal of Oral Science

Fig. 1

From: Evaluation of four final irrigation protocols for cleaning root canal walls

Fig. 1

Representative scanning electron microscopy images showing smear layers on canal surfaces of different groups. a Upper panel: images from the blank control group at ×1 000 and ×10 000 magnification confirming E. faecalis incubation (a1, a2). b Lower panel: images of the coronal, middle, and apical canal thirds from the post-instrumentation baseline (b1–b3), conventional needle irrigation (CNI; c1–c3), EndoActivator (EA; d1–d3), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI; e1–e3), and M3 Max (f1–f3) groups. ×1 000 magnification

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