Table 1 Summary of clinical studies using titanium mesh for GBR
From: Titanium mesh for bone augmentation in oral implantology: current application and progress
References | Titanium mesh | No. of patients | Augmented direction | Graft materials and covering | Fix method | Complication | Bone augmentation outcome | Implant placement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Torres65 | Commercial | 15: Control (mesh only); 15: Study (mesh + PRP) | Combination | Xenograft bone; Covering PRP in study group | Micro-screws | Exposure: control: 28.5%, study: 0%; Augmentation failure: control: 4.8%, study: 0% | ABH: control: (3.1 ± 0.8) mm, study: (3.5 ± 0.7) mm; ABW: control: (3.7 ± 0.6) mm, study: (4.1 ± 0.6) mm | Delayed: 6 months |
Misch61 | Commercial | 5 | Unclear | rhBMP/ACS and bone allograft (20% by volume); No covering | Monocortical screws | No | Success rate: 100% | Delayed: 6 months |
Her17 | Commercial | 26 | Horizontal/combination | Xenograft bone or autogenous bone; No covering | Micro-screws | Exposure: 26%; Infection: 3.7% | Success rate: 100% | Delayed: 5.7 months |
Miyamoto23 | Commercial | 41 | Combination | Autogenous bone; No covering | Small screws | Exposure: 36%; Partial bone resorption: 10%; Augmentation failure: 8% | Success rate: 88%; ABH: (8.1 ± 4.8) mm; ABW: (4.3 ± 2.0) mm | Delayed |
De Freitas62 | Commercial | 12: Control (autogenous bone); 12: Study (rhBMP-2/ACS) | Horizontal | rhBMP-2/ACS or Autogenous bone; No covering | Screws | No | ABW: control: (3.7 ± 1.4) mm, Test: (3.2 ± 0.9) mm | Delayed: 6 months |
Lizio22 | Custom | 12 | Combination | Autogenous bone/Xenograft bone 70/30; No covering | Micro-screws | Early exposure: 46.6%; Late exposure: 33.3% | RBV: 1.04 cm3 (range 0.37–2.58 cm3) | Delayed: 8.6 months |
Poli34 | Commercial | 13 | Combination | Autogenous bone/xenograft bone 50/50; No covering | Cortical screws | Exposure: 7.69% | Success rate: 100% | Delayed: 6 months |
Jung11 | Custom | 10 | Horizontal | Autogenous bone/xenograft bone 50/50; No covering | Implant and accessories | Exposure: 30% | Success rate: 100% | Immediate |
Konstantinidis36 | Commercial | 26: Collagen membrane or Ti-mesh | Horizontal | CPS and bone allograft; No covering | Unclear | Exposure: collagen membrane: 7.41%, Ti-mesh: 33.33% | ABW: collagen membrane: (2.77 ± 1.97) mm, Ti-mesh: (4.56 ± 1.74) mm | Immediate |
Sumida77 | Custom and commercial | 13: Custom; 13: Commercial | Unclear | Autogenous bone; No covering | Screws | Mucosal rupture: custom: 7.7%, commercial: 23.1%; Infection: custom: 7.7%, commercial: 23.1% | Success rate: custom: 92.3%, commercial: 76.9% | Custom: immediate; Commercial: immediate or delayed |
Misch91 | Commercial | 15 | Vertical | rhBMP-2/ACS and bone allograft (50% by volume); Covering non cross-linked collagen membrane and/or PRP in some cases | Screws | No | ABH: (8.53 ± 3.5) mm | Delayed: 6 months |
Ribeiro26 | Commercial | 5 | Horizontal | rhBMP/ACS; No covering | Screws | No | Success rate: 100%; ABW: (3.8 ± 0.7) mm | Delayed: 7 months |
Uehara8 | Commercial | 21 | Horizontal/vertical/combination | Autogenous bone ± Hydroxyapatite; No covering | Micro-screws | Exposure: 60%; Inflammation or infection: 44% | Success rate: 56.6% | Delayed: 5 months |
Zita Gomes47 | Commercial | 25 | Horizontal | Xenograft bone; Covering absorbable collagen membrane in some cases (n = 12) | Implant with accessories | Exposure: 24%; Partial graft loss: 4%; Complete graft loss: 4% | Success rate: 97.5%; ABW: (3.67 ± 0.89) mm | Immediate |
Cucchi27 | Commercial | 20: Group A (d-PTFE titanium-reinforced membranes); 19: Group B (Ti-mesh) | Combination | Autogenous bone/bone allograft 50/50; Covering cross-linked collagen membranes in group B | Miniscrews | Surgical complications: group A: 5%, group B: 15.8%; Major healing complications: group A: 10%, group B: 15.8%; Minor healing complications: group A: 5%, group B: 5.3% | Success rate: group A: 95%, group B: 89.5%; VBG: group A: (4.2 ± 1.0) mm, group B: (4.1 ± 1.0) mm; IBD/FBD: group A: (3.8 ± 0.7/−0.5 ± 0.6 mm, group B: 4.0 ± 0.8/−0.2 ± 0.7 mm | Immediate |
Sagheb10 | Custom | 17 | Combination | Autogenous bone ± xenograft bone; Covering absorbable collagen membrane or absorbable collagen membrane + PRF membranes | Screws | Exposure: 33% | Success rate: 100%; ABH: (6.5 ± 1.7) mm; ABW: (5.5 ± 1.9) mm | Delayed: 6 months |
Ciocca24 | Custom | 9 | Vertical | Autogenous bone/xenograft bone 50/50; No covering | Osteosynthesis screws | Early exposure: 33%; Late exposure: 33% | ABH: (3.89 ± 1.46) mm | Delayed: 6–8 months |
Mounir9 | Custom | 8: Control (custom Ti-mesh), 8: Study (custom peek mesh) | Combination | Autogenous bone/xenograft bone 50/50; Covering collagen membranes | Micro-screws | Early exposure: control: 12.5%, study: 12.5% | Success rate: both 100%; RBV: control: 20.9% ± 13.3%, study: 31.8% ± 22.7% | Delayed: 6 months |
Zhang28 | Custom | 12 | Combination | Xenograft bone; Covering absorbable collagen membrane | Absorbable sutures | Early exposure: 6.25% | ABH: (3.61 ± 1.50) mm; ABW: (3.10 ± 2.06) mm | Immediate |
Ghanaati72 | Custom | 7 | Combination | Solid sticky BSM granule-solid PRF and i-PRF mixture; Opening heal, covering PRF-collagen matrix, A-PRF, and PTEF-based membrane or sterile latex | Screws | Exposure during the whole healing stage | Success rate: 100% | Delayed: 4–8 months |
Hartmann68 | Custom | 55 | Combination | Autogenous bone/xenograft bone 50/50; Covering A-PRF in some cases (n = 12) | Osteosynthesis screws | Exposure: 25%; Patial graft loss: 11.8%; Complete graft loss: 1.5% | Success rate: 100% | Immediate or delayed: 4–8 months; |
Maiorana92 | Custom | 5 | Horizontal | Autogenous bone/xenograft bone 50/50; No covering | Implant with cover screw | Delayed exposure: 25%; Cover screw loss: 12.5%; Edema: 12.5% | ABW: clinically: (4.95 ± 0.96) mm, radiographically: (5.06 ± 0.88) mm | Immediate |
