Fig. 2

3D-exos exerted enhanced effects in ameliorating periodontitis and commensal pathobiont-driven colitis. a A flow diagram showing the time of ligature-induced periodontitis and DSS-induced colitis induction, periodontal injection and specimen collection. b 3D reconstructions of maxillae of the PBS-, 2D-exo- and 3D-exo-treated groups (n = 6 per group) were generated by micro-CT. The vertical line extends from the CEJ to the ABC. The CEJ-ABC distance was measured at six predetermined sites on both the buccal and palatal sides. Scale bar = 500 μm. c Statistical analysis of the CEJ-ABC distance in each group (n = 6) as determined by micro-CT. The error bars represent the SEM. *P < 0.05. d, e Analysis of body weights and disease activity index (DAI) in each group (n = 6). f Representative colon pictures of the mice in each group. g Statistical analysis of the colon length in each group (n = 6 per group). The error bars represent the SEM. *P < 0.05. h Histopathological changes in the colon were analyzed by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Scale bar = 200 μm. i Statistical analysis of histological scores in each group (n = 6). j RT-qPCR analysis of the expression levels of the TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 genes in the colon in each group (n = 6). The error bars represent the SEM. *P < 0.05