Fig. 2

The in vitro effects of Wnt3a (50 ng·mL⁻¹), TGF-β1 (10 ng·mL⁻¹), and BMP7 (50 ng·mL⁻¹) on h-DPSCs and HUVECs. a The schematic diagram of the detections of proliferation, migration, and osteo/odontogenic differentiation potentials in h-DPSCs and tube formation in HUVECs under Wnt3a, TGF-β1, and BMP7 treatment. b The proliferation of h-DPSCs measured by CCK8 assay on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. c, d Migration of h-DPSCs detected by wound-healing assay and transwell assay after 24 h culture. e Alizarin red staining of calcified nodules (white arrows) in h-DPSCs cultured with osteogenic medium contained with or without Wnt3a, TGF-β1, and BMP7 for 21 days. f Tube formation assay to evaluate the angiogenic potential of HUVECs under Wnt3a, TGF-β1, and BMP7 treatment for 4 h. g, h Quantification of the relative invasion and migration cell number in c and d. i, j The gene expression of osteo/odontogenic markers in h-DPSCs after 3 days of culture. *P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.01. NS, no significance vs Control. Scale bar: d 100 μm, c, e, and f 200 μm