Fig. 5

Correlations between circulating sEVs with plasma IFN-γ levels and the effects of circulating sEVs on human CD8⁺ T cells. a Representative TEM images of the isolated circulating sEVs. Scale bar: 100 nm. b Characterization of the isolated circulating sEVs by NTA. c Correlation analysis between the NTA-measured concentration levels of circulating sEVs and plasma IFN-γ level (n = 10). d Correlation analysis between the total protein contents of sEVs purified from 500 μL plasma and plasma IFN-γ level (n = 10). e Correlation analysis between protein content of PD-L1 on circulating sEVs and plasma IFN-γ level (n = 10). f Diagram of incubation circulating sEVs from the SACC patients with primary immunocytes. g Representative histogram of CD8⁺ T cells with PMA + Ion stimulation after incubation with circulating sEVs for 12 h. h The MFI of Annexin V of CD8⁺ T cells after incubating with circulating sEVs with or without anti PD-1antibody blocking (n = 6). **, P < 0.01; ****, P < 0.000 1