Fig. 8

Mechanistic validation of PLA’s control of cell fate in vitro. RT-qPCR detecting osteogenic gene expressions in MSC (a) or OB (b). Each sample was examined in triplicate. Gapdh was used as the internal control. c SEM imaging capturing cell attachment at 48 h, followed by colony formation after 7 days. For colony formation detection, MSC were incubated in the complete medium. d EDS elemental mapping of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) in the corresponding SEM images of MSC treated with (+OM) or without (-OM) osteogenic medium. The pie charts and the numbers in the images display the elemental proportions. The gray region represented the sum of C, O, and N elements. NC, MSC seeded on glass slides or in blank wells. PLA, MSC seeded on PLA. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001