Fig. 1

Aberrant overexpression of PD-L1 is observed in ameloblastoma and is correlated with tumor growth and recurrence. a Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of PD-L1 expression in oral mucosa (OM), odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), and ameloblastoma (AM) tissues (left). Data quantification for the histoscore (H-score) is shown on the right, with each point representing one tissue sample. Scale bar, 100 µm. b Western blot analysis of PD-L1 expression in OM and AM tissues. c Western blot analysis of PD-L1 expression levels in HOK and hTERT⁺-AM cells. d Pearson correlation analysis of PD-L1 expression and the tumor growth rate. The tumor growth rate was defined as the largest tumor diameter divided by the duration of symptoms in months (cm/month). e Disease-free survival of AM patients with low PD-L1 expression and high PD-L1 expression. f Comparison of PD-L1 expression levels between primary and recurrent AM tissues. Mean ± SD, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (a, b, c) and two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (f). Log-rank test (e). All results are representative of at least three independent experiments