Table 1 PFOA drinking water guideline levels
Advisory level | Critical effect study | Toxicological endpoint | Reference dose | Uncertainty factors | Target population | Water ingestion rate | RSC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U.S. EPAa, 2016, Health Advisory Level [35] | 70 ng/L | Lau et al. [53] | Developmental | 20 ng/kg- day | Total = 300 Intraspecies 10, Interspecies 3, LOAEL to NOAEL 10 | Lactating woman | 0.054 L/kg-day | 20% |
Alaska DECb, 2016, Groundwater cleanup level [94] | 400 ng/L | Lau et al. [53] | Developmental | 20 ng/kg- day | Total = 300 Intraspecies 10, Interspecies 3, LOAEL to NOAEL 10 | Child (0–6 years) residential | 0.78 L/day, 15 kg body weight (b.w.) | 100% |
130 ng/L | Liver | 6 ng/kg-day | Total = 300 Intraspecies 10, Interspecies 3, Database 10 | Adult | 2 L/day, 70 kg b.w. | 60% | ||
Minnesota DOH, 2017, Non-cancer health-based level [42] | 35 ng/L | Lau et al. [53] | Developmental | 18 ng/kg- day | Total = 300 Intraspecies 10, Interspecies 3, LOAEL to NOAEL 3, Database 3 | Infant exposure via breastmilk for 1 year, from mother chronically exposed via drinking water | Derived from internal serum concentrations based on 95% water intake rates and upper percentile breastmilk intake rates | 50% |
New Jersey DEP, 2017, Maximum contaminant level (recommended) [49] | 14 ng/L | Loveless et al. [100] | Liver | 2 ng/kg-day | Total = 300 Intraspecies = 10, Interspecies 3, Database 10 | Adult | 2 L/day, 70 kg b.w. | 20% |
North Carolina DENRb, 2012, Interim maximum allowable concentration (proposed) [58] | 1000 ng/L | Butenhoff et al. [101] | Liver | N/A | Total = 30 Intraspecies 10, Interspecies 3 | Adult | 2 L/day, 70 kg b.w. | 20% |
Texas CEQb, 2017, Protective concentration level [86] | 290 ng/L | Macon et al. [54] | Mammary Gland | 15 ng/kg- day | Total = 300 Intraspecies 10, LOAEL to NOAEL 30 | Child (0–6 years) residential | 0.64 L/day, 15 kg b.w. | 100% |
Vermonta DEC/DOH, 2016, Primary groundwater enforcement standard [44] | 20 ng/L | Lau et al. [53] | Developmental | 20 ng/kg- day | Total = 300 Intraspecies 10, Interspecies 3, LOAEL to NOAEL 10 | Infant (0–1 year) | 0.175 L/kg-day | 20% |
