Table 3 Results from the filter based measurements during the work tasks using graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers (NFs) and nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon black (CB).
Work task number | Nanomaterials handled during the work task | Sampling time (min) | SEM analysis | Elemental carbon (µg/m3) | Metal conc. Ti (µg/m3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detection of nanomaterial (Yes/No)/Type | Number conc. (cm−3) | |||||
Study A (2016) | ||||||
Personal breathing zone | ||||||
A1 | Graphene nanoplatelets | 42 | a | a | <LOD | – |
A2—day 1 | TiO2 NPs | 83 | Yes/TiO2 NPs | 25 | – | 7.5 |
A2—day 2 | TiO2 NPs | 45 | Yes/TiO2 NPs | 1.8 | – | 2.1 |
A3-6—day 1 | CB, graphene | 106 | Yes/CB | a | 5.6 | – |
A6—day 2 | CB | 39 | – | – | <LOD | – |
Emission zone | ||||||
A1 | Graphene nanoplatelets | 43 | Yes/graphene nanoplatelets | a | 26 | – |
A2—day 1 | TiO2 NPs | 83 | Yes/TiO2 NPs | 25 | – | 70 |
A2—day 2 | TiO2 NPs | 57 | Yes/TiO2 NPs | 7.0 | – | 28 |
A3 | Graphene | 13 | a | a | <LOD | – |
A4 | CB | 15 | Yes/CB | a | <LOD | – |
A5 | CB | 15 | Yes/CB | a | 98 | – |
A6—day 1 | CB | 31 | Yes/CB | a | 8.2 | – |
A6—day 2 | CB | 37 | – | – | <LOD | – |
Study B (2017) | ||||||
Personal breathing zone | ||||||
B1–4 | Graphene oxide | 172 | No | <LOD | 1.3 | – |
B5–6 | TiO2 NFs | 100 | Yes/TiO2 NFs | a | – | <LOD |
B7-8 | TiO2 NFs | 60 | No | <LOD | – | <LOD |
Emission zone | ||||||
B1–2 | Graphene oxide | 207 | Yes/graphene oxide | a | 1.9 | – |
B3 | Graphene oxide | 32 | No | <LOD | <LOD | – |
B4 | Graphene oxide | 111 | a | a | <LOD | – |
B5 | TiO2 NFs | 54 | Yes/TiO2 NFs | a | – | 2.2 |
B6 | TiO2 NFs | 129 | No | <LOD | – | <LOD |
B7 | TiO2 NFs | 23 | No | <LOD | – | <LOD |
B8 | TiO2 NFs | 123 | No | <LOD | – | 0.2 |
Background zone | ||||||
B1–4 | Graphene oxide | 480 | No | <LOD | 0.2 | |
B5–6 | TiO2 NFs | 202 | No | <LOD | – | <LOD |
B7–8 | TiO2 NFs | 173 | No | <LOD | – | <LOD |
