Table 2 Overview of the included environmental domains.

Accessibility

Data on accessibility include the total number of persons and jobs that are accessible within 15, 30, and 45 min over the road and on the rail.

Air pollution

Residential exposure to air pollutants was assessed as annual average concentrations of particulate matter with diameters of less than 2.5 µm, and between 2.5 µm and 10.0 µm, PM2.5 absorbance, and annual average concentrations of nitrogen oxides.

Cinema’s and movie theatres

Data on the number of cinema’s and movie theatres.

Facilities care

Data on the number of care-related facilities (e.g. hospitals, care homes).

Facilities culture

Data on the number of cinema’s, museums and theatres.

Facilities education

Data on the number of schools/educational locations and students stratified for level of education (see Fig. S7 for more information on the Dutch educational system).

Facilities retail outlets

Data on the number of retail outlets.

Facilities sport

Data on the number of a variety of sport facilities.

Housing benefits

Data on housing benefit receivers, accounting rent, accounting income, the height/sum of housing benefits.

Housing stock

Data on number/percentages of houses in the owner occupied sector, and (private and social) rental sector.

Income

Data on disposable income per person and household.

Core neighbourhood characteristics

Data on core neighbourhood characteristics, e.g. urbanization and mean house value.

Land use

Data on number of hectares that are related to specific land use (e.g. traffic, residential area).

Livability

Livability is measured using the “leefbaarometer” (LBM total score). Livability is defined as the extent to which the living environment is in line with the conditions and needs of residents. The LBM total score is based on six dimensions. These dimensions are: (1) population composition, (2) social cohesion, (3) public space, (4) safety, (5) level of resources, and (6) housing.

Museums, music theatres and pop podia

Data on number of museums, music theatres and pop podia.

Offices, retail and businesses

Data on number purchased and rented offices, retail and businesses. Data on the area of these buildings and related rental/sale costs are also available.

Primary education

Data on the number of primary schools and the number/percentages of pupils at these schools (Fig. S1).

Secondary education

Data on the number of schools with secondary education and the number/percentages of pupils at these schools (Fig. S1).

Socio-economic status scores

Data on socio-economic status scores based on education, income and position in the labour market.

Special education

Data on the number of schools with special education and the number/percentages of pupils at primary and secondary special schools.

Sport associations

Data on the number of hockey-clubs, baseball clubs, korfball clubs, tennis clubs, rugby clubs, and football clubs.

Transactions and average house prices

Data on the number of transactions, stratified for type of houses. In addition, the data-set includes data on the average house price.