Table 4 Correlates of log-transformed prenatal and postnatal dentine Mn levels (as 55Mn:43Ca) from sex-adjusted linear mixed models.

From: Multiple metals in children’s deciduous teeth: results from a community-initiated pilot study

  

Prenatal Mn

Postnatal Mn

 

N

β (95% CI)

% Difference (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

% Difference (95% CI)

Child sex

 Male

18

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Female

10

0.1 (–0.2, 0.4)

13 (–16, 52)

0.8 (0.1, 1.5)

122 (17, 321)

 Child age, continuous (years)

28

–0.1 (–0.1, –0.02)

–8 (–13, –2)

–0.1 (0.3, 0.04)

–11 (–23, 3)

Birth order

 Second or higher

15

ref

ref

ref

ref

 First

13

0.3 (–0.1, 0.6)

39 (–4, 85)

0.3 (–0.5, 1.0)

30 (–34, 156)

Tooth type

 Incisor

24

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Molar

4

–0.4 (–0.8, –0.02)

–34 (–55, –4)

0.04 (–0.5, 0.6)

5 (–36, 70)

Anemic while pregnant

 No

19

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Yes

8

0.3 (–0.1, 0.6)

31 (–5, 80)

–0.2 (–0.9, 0.6)

–15 (–59, 75)

Use of filter during pregnancy

 Yes

14

ref

ref

ref

ref

 No

14

0.2 (–0.1, 0.5)

20 (–9, 59)

0.3 (–0.4, 1.0)

37 (–30, 168)

Ever use formulaa,b

 No

7

  

ref

ref

 Yes

21

  

–0.1 (–0.9, 0.7)

–11 (–57, 88)

Predominant source of milk during infancy

 Infant formulac

11

  

ref

ref

 Breastmilkd

11

  

0.3 (–0.5, 1.0)

29 (–38, 170)

 Mix of breastmilk and formulae

6

  

0.3 (–0.6, 1.2)

34 (–44, 222)

  1. aPrenatal correlate of breastfeeding and formula variables not analyzed since correlates occur after tooth Mn was measured.
  2. bApplies to index (participating) child only.
  3. cPredominantly formula fed defined as maternal report of being breastfed less than 6 months and consuming ≥50% formula during first year of life.
  4. dPredominantly breastfed defined as maternal report of being breastfed longer than 6 months and consuming less than 50% formula during first year of life.
  5. eMix of breastmilk and formula defined as maternal report of being breastfed for less than 6 months and consuming less than 50% formula during first year of life OR maternal report of being breastfed for longer than 6 months and consuming ≥50% formula during first year of life.
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