Fig. 2: Box plots that illustrate the levels of selected contaminants in control and cases.

The violin plots (A–F) on top of the box plots depict the distribution of the selected contaminants (log2 intensities). To test the mean difference between the control and cases, we conducted a Wilcoxon test. The p-values are provided to indicate the significance levels for the mean differences between the two groups for each contaminant (A–F). Specifically, p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance, and p < 0.1 suggests a trend toward significance. Overall, these results help to identify specific contaminants that may contribute to the altered cord serum metabolome in cases.