Table 5 Impacts of 5-min PM exposure on the HRV indices and HR of the subjects. (a) PM2.5 and (b) PM1 impacts for the Indonesia scooter group (n = 13) and (c) PM2.5 and (d) PM1 impacts for all Taiwanese subjects (n = 51). Numbers presented are changes for a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM; 95% confidence intervals are listed in the parentheses.
(a) Indonesia PM2.5 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDNN | RMSSD | LF/HF | HF | LF | VLF | TP | HR | |
All | ||||||||
PM2.5 | −0.4 (−1.0, 0.2) | −0.5 (−1.2, 0.3) | 1.0* (0.1, 2.0) | −1.2 (−2.7, 0.2) | −0.7 (−1.8, 0.5) | −0.6 (−1.9, 0.6) | −0.6 (−1.7, 0.5) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.2) |
Outdoor | −18.4*** (−21.9, −14.8) | −12.3*** (−16.8, −7.6) | 4.0 (−2.7, 11.2) | −27.3*** (−34.4, −19.5) | −27.9*** (−33.7, −21.7) | −34.9*** (−40.4, −28.9) | −31.1*** (−36.4, −25.3) | −0.3 (−1.3, 0.7) |
Season | 13.0*** (5.4, 21.2) | 39.6*** (25.5, 55.3) | −22.4*** (−30.3, −13.7) | 93.5*** (60.3, 133.7) | 52.5*** (−33.7, −21.7) | 10.1 (−3.8, 26.0) | 27.4*** (−36.4, −25.3) | 2.9 (−0.5, 6.4) |
Wet | ||||||||
PM2.5 | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.5) | 1.2* (0.2, 2.3) | −1.1 (−2.5, 0.4) | −0.4 (−1.5, 0.7) | −0.1 (−1.4, 1.2) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.9) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) |
Outdoor | −19.9*** (−24.0, −15.6) | −15.0*** (−20.3, −9.5) | 15.3** (5.9, 25.6) | −32.2*** (−40.0, −23.3) | −28.3*** (−34.8, −21.2) | −35.7*** (−42.3, −28.3) | −33.0*** (−39.1, −26.3) | 0.7 (−0.5, 1.9) |
Dry | ||||||||
PM2.5 | −3.1** (−4.9, −1.2) | −1.9 (−4.0, 0.3) | −3.1** (−5.3, −0.8) | −1.8 (−5.7, 2.3) | −5.7** (−9.1, −2.1) | −5.6** (−9.0, −2.1) | −4.9** (−8.1, −1.6) | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.2) |
Outdoor | −15.7*** (−22.3, −8.7) | −7.7 (−15.7, 1.1) | −9.6* (−18.0, −0.3) | −19.0* (−32.0, −3.5) | −23.4*** (−34.5, −10.5) | −32.9*** (−42.6, −21.6) | −26.3*** (−36.4, −14.6) | −1.7 (−3.4, 0.0) |
(b) Indonesia PM1 | ||||||||
All | ||||||||
PM1 | −0.9* (−1.7, −0.1) | −1.2* (−2.3, −0.1) | 1.4* (0.0, 2.7) | −2.4* (−4.4, −0.3) | −1.5 (−3.1, 0.2) | −1.5 (−3.2, 0.1) | −1.4 (−2.9, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1) |
Outdoor | −18.3*** (−21.8, −14.6) | −12.1*** (−16.6, −7.3) | 3.8 (−2.9, 11.0) | −27.0*** (−34.1, −19.2) | −27.7*** (−33.5, −21.5) | −34.7*** (−40.2, −28.6) | −30.9*** (−36.3, −25.1) | −0.3 (−1.3, 0.7) |
Season | 13.5*** (5.8, 21.7) | 40.6*** (26.4, 56.4) | −22.6*** (−30.5, −13.9) | 95.4*** (61.8, 136.1) | 53.7*** (33.3, 77.3) | 10.9 (−3.1, 27.1) | 28.3*** (12.9, 45.9) | 3.2 (−0.3, 6.7) |
Wet | ||||||||
PM1 | −0.5 (−1.4, 0.4) | −1.0 (−2.2, 0.3) | 1.9* (0.3, 3.5) | −2.4* (−4.7, −0.0) | −0.9 (−2.5, 0.8) | −0.7 (−2.5, 1.2) | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.8) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) |
Outdoor | −19.8*** (−24.0, −15.5) | −14.8*** (−20.1, −9.3) | 14.9** (5.5, 25.2) | −31.9*** (−39.8, −23.0) | −28.2*** (−34.7, −21.1) | −35.5*** (−42.2, −28.1) | −32.9*** (−39.0, −26.1) | 0.7 (−0.5, 1.9) |
Dry | ||||||||
PM1 | −3.8*** (−5.8, −1.7) | −2.5* (−4.9, −0.0) | −3.4* (−5.9, −0.8) | −2.6 (−7.0, 2.1) | −6.7** (−10.6, −2.7) | −6.7** (−10.5, −2.7) | −6.0** (−9.6, −2.2) | −0.6 (−1.1, 0.0) |
Outdoor | −15.5*** (−22.0, −8.4) | −7.4 (−15.5, 1.4) | −9.4* (−17.9, −0.1) | −18.6* (−31.7, −3.0) | −23.0** (−34.2, −10.0) | −32.6*** (−42.3, −21.2) | −25.9*** (−26.0, −14.4) | −1.7 (−3.4, 0.1) |
(c) Taiwan PM2.5 | ||||||||
All | ||||||||
PM2.5 | −1.0*** (−1.6, −0.5) | −0.6 (−1.2, 0.1) | 1.0* (0.0, 2.0) | −1.8** (−3.2, −0.4) | −1.1 (−2.2, 0.1) | −1.5* (−2.6, −0.4) | −1.5** (−2.5, −0.4) | 0.3*** (0.2, 0.4) |
Outdoor | −5.0*** (−6.8, −3.2) | −2.0 (−4.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (−3.0, 3.3) | −3.8 (−8.1, 0.8) | −4.3* (−8.0, −0.5) | −9.5*** (−12.8, −6.1) | −7.8*** (−10.9, −4.5) | 0.7*** (0.3, 1.0) |
Season | −6.2*** (−7.8, −4.5) | −13.1*** (−15.2, −11.1) | 8.1*** (4.8, 11.4) | −17.3*** (−8.1, −0.8) | −10.4*** (−13.7, −6.8) | −7.3*** (−10.5, −4.0) | −9.6*** (−12.6, −6.5) | 4.1*** (3.2, 5.0) |
Summer | ||||||||
PM2.5 | −1.8*** (−2.7, −1.0) | −1.3** (−2.2, −0.3) | 1.6* (0.1, 3.1) | −4.0*** (−5.9, −2.0) | −2.8** (−4.5, −1.0) | −2.6** (−4.3, −0.9) | −2.7*** (−4.3, −1.1) | 0.4*** (0.2, 0.5) |
Outdoor | −7.6*** (−10.2, −4.9) | −1.1 (−4.3, 2.3) | −3.2 (−7.8, 1.7) | −1.1 (−7.8, 6.1) | −4.5 (−10.1, 1.4) | −14.3*** (−19.1, −9.3) | −10.8*** (−15.5, −5.9) | 1.0** (0.4, 1.6) |
Winter | ||||||||
PM2.5 | −0.5 (−1.3, 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.8, 0.9) | 0.5 (−0.9, 1.8) | −0.1 (−2.0, 1.8) | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.9) | −1.0 (−2.6, 0.6) | −0.6 (−2.1, 0.9) | 0.3*** (0.1, 0.4) |
Outdoor | −3.9*** (−6.2, −1.6) | −3.6** (−6.3, −0.9) | 2.4 (−1.7, 6.7) | −7.2* (−12.6, −1.6) | −5.9* (−10.5, −1.1) | −7.3** (−11.6, −2.7) | −7.1** (−11.2, −2.7) | 0.5* (0.0, 1.0) |
(d) Taiwan PM1 | ||||||||
All | ||||||||
PM1 | −1.2*** (−2.0, −0.5) | −1.0* (−1.8, −0.2) | 1.6* (0.3, 2.9) | −2.5** (−4.3, −0.7) | −1.1 (−2.7, 0.4) | −1.7* (−3.2, −0.3) | −1.8* (−3.1, −0.4) | 0.5*** (0.3, 0.6) |
Outdoor | −5.0*** (−6.8, −3.2) | −2.0 (−4.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (−3.0, 3.3) | −3.7 (−8.1, 0.8) | −4.3* (−8.0, −0.5) | −9.5*** (−12.8, −6.1) | −7.7*** (−10.9, −4.4) | 0.7*** (0.3, 1.0) |
Season | −6.0*** (−7.7, −4.3) | −12.8*** (−14.9, −10.6) | 7.4*** (4.1, 10.9) | −16.8*** (−20.7, −12.7) | −10.4*** (−13.9, −6.7) | −7.2*** (−10.5, −3.8) | −9.4*** (−12.5, −6.2) | 3.9*** (3.0, 4.8) |
Summer | ||||||||
PM1 | −2.4*** (−3.8, −1.0) | −2.1** (−3.6, −0.6) | 4.0** (1.6, 6.5) | −6.4*** (−9.5, −3.2) | −3.1* (−5.9, −0.3) | −3.1* (−5.8, −0.3) | −3.4* (−5.9, −0.8) | 0.6*** (0.4, 0.9) |
Outdoor | −7.6*** (−10.2, −4.9) | −1.0 (−4.3, 2.3) | −3.3 (−7.9, 1.6) | −1.0 (−7.7, 6.2) | −4.4 (−10.0, 1.5) | −14.3*** (−19.1, −9.2) | −10.7*** (−15.4, −5.8) | 1.0** (0.4, 1.6) |
Winter | ||||||||
PM1 | −0.8 (−1.6, 0.1) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.7) | 0.6 (−0.9, 2.2) | −0.7 (−2.8, 1.5) | −0.1 (−1.9, 1.8) | −1.4 (−3.2, 0.3) | −1.1 (−2.7, 0.6) | 0.4*** (0.2, 0.6) |
Outdoor | −3.9** (−6.2, −1.6) | −3.7** (−6.3, −0.9) | 2.4 (−1.7, 6.7) | −7.3* (−12.6, −1.6) | −5.9* (−10.5, −1.1) | −7.3** (−11.7, −2.7) | −7.1** (−11.2, −2.7) | 0.5* (0.0, 1.0) |
