Table 2 Details of articles investigating the presence of MNPs in samples from humans.
From: Plastic induced urinary tract disease and dysfunction: a scoping review
Author (Year) Country | Sample type | Analysis approach | Characteristics of Plastic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | Shape | Size | Colour | Polymer Matrix | |||
Pironti et al. (2022) Italy [100] | Human urine | Raman spectroscopy | 8 fragments identified from 4/6 samples | 7 irregular 1 spherical | ~4 μm to ~15 μm | Transparent Brown Blue Blue/grey Green Red | Polyethylene vinyl acetate Polyvinyl chloride Polypropylene Polyethylene |
Massardo et al. (2023) Italy [101] | Human urine Kidney | Raman spectroscopy | Urine samples: 23 Kidney samples: 43 | Not described | Urine: 3 μm–13 μm Kidney: 1 μm–29 μm Note: most samples <10 μm | Light blue Red Orange Colourless Dark blue Brown Black Grey | Polyethylene Polystyrene Styrene-isoprene |
Krafft et al. (2022) Germany [102] | Bladder cancer resectates | Raman spectroscopy | 13/19 specimens contained microplastics | Not described | Not described | Not described | Polyphenylene sulphide Polystyrene |
Barnett et al. (2023) Pakistan [99] | Human urine | Raman spectroscopy Scanning electron microscopy | Microfibers: 2.04 ± 3.38/100 mL Fragments: 1.59 ± 1.80/100 mL | Fibres and particles | Fibre length: 10–871 μm Fragment size: 0.01 nm–6 μm | Not described | Polyamide Polypropylene |
Song et al. (2024) China [41] | Human urine | Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Laser direct infrared spectroscopy | 15 plastic particles identified from 7/12 samples. | Fibres and spherical particles | ≤20 μm–144.04 μm | Not described | Acrylates (33.67%) Polymethylmethacrylate (23.92%) Polyurethane (17.13%) Polypropylene (15.92%) Polyethylene terephthalate (9.36%) |
Exacoustos et al. (2023) Italy [54] | Human urine Kidney | Raman spectroscopy | Human kidney: 17 fragments identified from 7/10 samples. Human urine: 9 fragments identified from 7/10 samples. | Not described | Not described | Not described | Polystyrene Styrene-isoprene Polyethylene |
