Table 4 Excess rate of acute emergency department visits for influenza associated with each interquartile range increase in source-specific PM2.5.

From: Comparison of the rate of healthcare encounters for influenza from source-specific PM2.5 before and after tier 3 vehicle standards in New York state

 

Lag day

0

0–3

0–6

 

Time period

N

IQR (µg/m3)

Excess rate (95% CI)

p-value*

N

IQR (µg/m3)

Excess rate (95% CI)

p-value*

N

IQR (µg/m3)

Excess rate (95% CI)

p-value*

Diesel (DIE)

2014–16

4910

0.4

7.1 (1.7, 12.9)

0.05

3842

0.3

9.7 (3.4, 16.3)

<0.001

4653

0.4

24.6 (14.5, 35.5)

<0.001

2017–19

13,337

0.4

1.1 (−1.5, 3.7)

11,485

0.3

−1.7 (−4.2, 0.8)

12,861

0.4

−1.2 (−4.9, 2.7)

Biomass burning (BB)

2014–16

4910

0.4

0.2 (−2.9, 3.4)

<0.001

3842

0.4

0.6 (−4.2, 5.6)

<0.001

4653

0.4

1.2 (−3.3, 5.9)

<0.001

2017–19

13,337

0.4

7.7 (6.0, 9.4)

11,485

0.4

11.6 (9.0, 14.4)

12,861

0.4

16.8 (14.0, 19.7)

Spark-ignition emissions (GAS)

2014–16

4910

2.0

11.1 (4.9, 17.7)

0.06

3842

1.5

8.0 (0.8, 15.7)

0.56

4653

1.5

7.7 (0.1, 15.8)

<0.001

2017–19

13,337

2.0

4.9 (1.4, 8.4)

11,485

1.5

10.3 (5.7, 15.0)

12,861

1.5

23.9 (17.6, 30.6)

Pyrolyzed organic rich (OP)

2014–16

4910

0.7

−3.5 (−6.2, −0.7)

<0.001

3842

0.6

0.2 (−3.5, 4.0)

0.06

4653

0.7

−4.3 (−8.9, 0.6)

0.16

2017–19

13,337

0.7

6.9 (3.4, 10.5)

11,485

0.6

6.5 (1.1, 12.1)

12,861

0.7

1.1 (−4.7, 7.3)

Road dust (RD)

2014–16

4910

0.2

2.7 (0.5, 5.0)

0.00

3842

0.1

2.1 (−0.2, 4.4)

0.14

4653

0.1

0.9 (−1.7, 3.7)

0.40

2017–19

13,337

0.2

−1.6 (−3.3, 0.2)

11,485

0.1

−0.0 (−1.8, 1.8)

12,861

0.1

−0.6 (−3.0, 1.9)

Secondary nitrate (SN)

2014–16

4910

2.1

−2.9 (−6.6, 1.0)

0.01

3842

1.9

−3.4 (−8.4, 1.8)

0.04

4653

1.9

−3.4 (−9.2, 2.7)

<0.001

2017–19

13,337

2.1

2.7 (0.1, 5.4)

11,485

1.9

2.3 (−1.2, 5.9)

12,861

1.9

12.9 (8.3, 17.8)

Secondary sulfate (SS)

2014–16

4910

1.9

−2.6 (−6.5, 1.4)

<0.001

3842

1.3

−0.7 (−5.1, 4.0)

<0.001

4653

1.7

−11.3 (−17.7, −4.4)

<0.001

2017–19

13,337

1.9

20.8 (16.1, 25.8)

11,485

1.3

15.4 (10.7, 20.3)

12,861

1.7

8.9 (1.7, 16.6)

POC

2014–16

5644

0.4

0.7 (−2.6, 4.2)

0.07

4819

0.4

−2.9 (−6.8, 1.2)

<0.001

5509

0.4

−1.5 (−6.2, 3.3)

<0.001

2017–19

13,879

0.4

4.1 (1.9, 6.3)

11,965

0.4

5.0 (2.1, 7.9)

13,295

0.4

11.8 (8.0, 15.6)

SOC

2014–16

5644

0.8

−1.3 (−4.6, 2.1)

0.15

4819

0.6

−0.7 (−4.7, 3.4)

0.01

5509

0.7

−1.6 (−6.6, 3.7)

<0.001

2017–19

13,879

1.4 (−1.5, 4.5)

11,965

5.0 (1.2, 8.9)

13,295

13.4 (7.7, 19.3)

  1. *p-value for interaction between periods (2014–2016 and 2017–2019).
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