Table 2 Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between fruit and vegetable intakes and SBP and DBP

From: Fruit, vegetable intake and blood pressure trajectories in older age

Outcome

Food group

Category

Blood pressure at baseline (mmHg) (Cross-sectional association)

Blood pressure change per 1-year of follow-up (mmHg) (Longitudinal association)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Mean

(95%CI)

p value

Mean

(95%CI)

p value

Mean

(95%CI)

p value

Mean

(95%CI)

p value

SBP

FRUIT

1st tertile

141.4

(140.3, 142.4)

ref.

143.0

(140.4, 145.5)

ref.

0.05

(−0.12, 0.21)

ref.

0.16

(−0.20, 0.53)

ref.

  

2nd tertile

139.8

(138.6, 141.0)

0.007

141.5

(138.9, 144.2)

0.013

0.09

(−0.07, 0.26)

0.481

0.22

(−0.15, 0.59)

0.422

  

3rd tertile

137.9

(136.6, 139.2)

<0.001

139.8

(137.1, 142.5)

<0.001

0.16

(−0.02, 0.33)

0.124

0.27

(−0.10, 0.65)

0.138

 

VEGETABLE

1st tertile

141.4

(140.3, 142.4)

ref.

143.0

(140.4, 145.5)

ref.

0.05

(−0.12, 0.21)

ref.

0.16

(−0.20, 0.53)

ref.

  

2nd tertile

142.0

(140.9, 143.1)

0.254

143.3

(140.7, 145.9)

0.537

−0.10

(−0.27, 0.07)

0.029

0.04

(−0.33, 0.41)

0.075

  

3rd tertile

142.3

(141.1, 143.6)

0.110

143.7

(141.1, 146.3)

0.204

0.03

(−0.15, 0.21)

0.846

0.17

(−0.20, 0.54)

0.894

DBP

FRUIT

1st tertile

89.5

(88.9, 90.1)

ref.

89.2

(87.8, 90.7)

ref.

−0.01

(−0.10, 0.08)

ref.

0.14

(−0.06, 0.35)

ref.

  

2nd tertile

89.0

(88.3, 89.7)

0.147

88.7

(87.2, 90.2)

0.141

−0.09

(−0.18, 0.00)

0.031

0.07

(−0.14, 0.27)

0.051

  

3rd tertile

88.1

(87.4, 88.8)

<0.001

87.9

(86.4, 89.4)

<0.001

−0.02

(−0.12, 0.08)

0.763

0.13

(−0.08, 0.34)

0.906

 

VEGETABLE

1st tertile

89.5

(88.9, 90.1)

ref.

89.2

(87.8, 90.7)

ref.

−0.01

(−0.10, 0.08)

ref.

0.14

(−0.06, 0.35)

ref.

  

2nd tertile

89.8

(89.2, 90.5)

0.271

89.4

(88.0, 90.9)

0.562

−0.03

(−0.13, 0.06)

0.516

0.13

(−0.07, 0.33)

0.762

  

3rd tertile

89.7

(89.0, 90.4)

0.534

89.3

(87.9, 90.8)

0.743

0.04

(−0.06, 0.14)

0.251

0.20

(−0.01, 0.40)

0.178

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, energy intake and antihypertensive medication
  2. Model 2: adjusted for all variables in model 1, plus education, marital status, smoking, frequency of alcohol intake and leisure time physical activity. Fruit and vegetable intakes were also adjusted for each other. (All covariates were included in the models both with and without interaction with time. Age and energy intake were centered at the mean – (58 years, 10.6MJ))
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