Fig. 1: Historical context of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and coronavirus. | Journal of Human Hypertension

Fig. 1: Historical context of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and coronavirus.

From: A historical perspective on ACE2 in the COVID-19 era

Fig. 1

A Role of counter-regulatory effects of the ACE2—Ang-(1–7) pathway (blue) in the context of pathologic effects of the ACE—Ang II pathway (red). ACE2 is the receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which may decrease ACE2 cell surface expression after binding. B Timeline of discoveries of the RAAS. C Annual PubMed® citations for the two RAAS pathways and SARS (source: https://esperr.github.io/pubmed-by-year/). Ang angiotensin, Aldo Aldosterone, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, NEP neprilysin, AT1R angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT2R angiotensin II type 2 receptor, MasR Mas receptor, SARS severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, CoV coronavirus.

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