Table 1 Baseline characteristics of cross-sectional study participants (2003–2006 and 2014–2017) weighted to the population in Germany as of 31.12.2015.

From: Blood pressure and resting heart rate in 3-17-year-olds in Germany in 2003–2006 and 2014–2017

 

3–6 years

7–10 years

11–13 years

14–17 years

Characteristics

2003–2006

(n = 3764)

2014–2017

(n = 840)

p-trend

2003–2006

(n = 4134)

2014–2017

(n = 900)

p-trend

2003–2006

(n = 3073)

2014–2017

(n = 814)

p-trend

2003–2006

(n = 3730)

2014–2017

(n = 955)

p-trend

Mean agea

4.5

(4.5–4.6)

4.6

(4.5–4.6)

0.774

8.5

(8.5–8.5)

8.5

(8.4–8.6)

0.992

12.0

(11.9–12.0)

12.0

(11.9–12.1)

0.978

15.5

(15.5–15.6)

15.5

(15.4–15.6)

0.995

Femaleb

48.1

(46.3–50.0)

49.3

(45.0–53.7)

0.630

48.6

(46.7–50.4)

49.1

(45.0–53.3)

0.809

48.6

(46.5–50.7)

48.5

(44.0–53.1)

0.976

48.1

(46.2–49.9)

48.1

(43.9–52.3)

0.989

Height percentilea

49.5

(48.4–50.6)

47.4

(44.9–50.0)

0.145

48.5

(47.5–49.6)

49.4

(46.9–51.8)

0.550

50.1

(48.8–51.3)

49.9

(47.3–52.6)

0.922

49.5

(48.5–50.6)

50.8

(48.4–53.1)

0.345

SBP (mmHg)a

98.6

(98.3–98.9)

102.5

(101.8–103.2)

<0.001

103.4

(103.1–103.8)

105.6

(104.9–106.3)

<0.001

110.6

(110.1–111.0)

110.9

(110.2–111.6)

0.415

117.9

(117.5–118.3)

116.2

(115.4–117.0)

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)a

60.2

(60.0–60.5)

63.7

(63.0–64.3)

<0.001

63.2

(63.0–63.5)

64.7

(64.1–65.4)

<0.001

66.2

(65.9–66.5)

66.6

(66.0–67.2)

0.266

69.9

(69.6–70.1)

69.0

(68.5–69.7)

0.007

Resting heart ratea

94.5

(94.0–94.9)

93.9

(92.8–94.9)

0.304

82.3

(82.0–82.8)

83.4

(82.5–84.4)

0.046

78.6

(78.1–79.1)

80.9

(79.8–81.9)

<0.001

74.3

(73.8–74.7)

76.3

(75.4–77.3)

<0.001

Cuff bladder

 6 × 12 cm2

14.7

(13.4–16.1)

67.4

(63.1–71.4)

 < 0.001

0.2

(0.1–0.3)

15.2

(12.5–18.4)

 < 0.001

0.1

(0.0–0.6)

1.0

(0.4–2.4)

 < 0.001

0.1

(0.0–0.2)

0.1

(0.0–0.8)

 < 0.001

 9 × 18 cm2

71.5

(69.7–73.2)

32.6

(28.6–36.9)

18.3

(16.9–19.7)

75.0

(71.1–78.5)

2.2

(1.6–3.0)

62.7

(58.1–67.2)

0.2

(0.1–0.3)

26.6

(23.1–30.4)

 12 × 23 cm2

13.6

(12.4–15.0)

0

76.0

(74.4–77.5)

9.8

(7.4–12.8)

49.1

(47.0–51.39)

34.8

(30.4–39.5)

20.1

(18.7–21.6)

65.9

(61.8–69.8)

 17 × 39 cm2

0.2

(0.1–0.6)

0

5.6

(4.8–6.5)

0

48.5

(46.4–50.7)

1.4

(0.7–2.8)

79.7

(78.2–81.1)

7.4

(5.4–10.1)

BMI (kg/m2)a

15.8

(15.8–15.9)

15.7

(15.6–15.8)

0.119

17.4

(17.3–17.5)

17.3

(16.9–17.5)

0.263

19.9

(19.8–20.1)

19.8

(19.5–20.2)

0.556

22.1

(21.9–22.2)

22.1

(21.7–22.5)

0.842

Underweightb

5.4

(4.6–6.3)

5.3

(3.9-7.2)

0.419

7.9

(6.9–8.9)

8.7

(6.6–11.4)

0.641

8.0

(7.0–9.2)

8.1

(6.2–10.6)

0.707

7.0

(6.1–8.0)

8.6

(6.4–11.4)

0.655

Normal-weightb

84.8

(83.4–86.1)

85.9

(82.5–88.6)

76.0

(74.4–77.6)

75.6

(71.7–79.2)

72.7

(70.7–74.6)

71.3

(66.8–75.5)

75.7

(74.1–77.3)

74.0

(70.0–77.6)

Overweightb

6.5

(5.6–7.5)

6.9

(4.9–9.8)

9.0

(8.0–10.1)

9.8

(7.4–12.9)

11.3

(10.1–12.8)

13.3

(10.1–17.3)

8.8

(7.8–9.9)

8.9

(6.7–11.8)

Obeseb

3.3

(2.6–4.1)

1.9

(1.0–3.6)

7.1

(6.2–8.2)

5.9

(4.1–8.3)

8.0

(6.8–9.3)

7.3

(5.0–10.5)

8.5

(7.5–9.7)

8.5

(6.4–11.3)

Organized sports participation (yes)b

51.3

(49.3–53.2)

49.3

(44.8–53.8)

0.431

68.6

(66.8–70.3)

67.8

(63.6–71.7)

0.742

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Very) good self-rated physical fitnessb

–

–

–

–

–

–

70.9

(68.9–72.8)

71.9

(67.5–75.9)

0.688

61.9

(60.1–63.7)

63.9

(59.8–67.9)

0.376

Low birthweight (<2500 g)b

6.3

(5.4–7.3)

7.8

(5.6–10.9)

0.266

5.7

(4.9–6.7)

8.3

(6.2–11.1)

0.073

5.9

(4.9–7.0)

7.2

(5.1–10.2)

0.545

5.5

(4.7–6.5)

5.9

(4.1–8.2)

0.721

Current anti-hypertensive medication use

n = 2

n = 3

–

n = 4

n = 0

–

n = 2

n = 3

–

n = 9

n = 2

–

  1. p-trend: statistical difference between time points.
  2. aMean (95% CI).
  3. bProportion (95% CI).
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