Table 3 Mean differences in blood pressure (mmHg) between trajectory groups of heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular periods, and dysmenorrhea compared to reference groups.

From: Trajectories of menstrual symptoms and blood pressure in midlife: a prospective cohort study on Australian women

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 Trajectories of heavy menstrual bleeding

  Reference (83.2%)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

  Increasing (10.5%)

2.8 (−0.8, 6.4)

3.0 (−0.6, 6.7)

2.8 (−0.7, 6.3)

2.7 (−0.7, 6.1)

  Chronic (6.3%)

3.1 (−1.5, 7.8)

2.9 (−1.8, 7.5)

1.3 (−3.2, 5.8)

1.0 (−3.8, 5.7)

 Trajectories of irregular periods

 Reference (90.8%)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

 Chronic (9.2%)

3.3 (−0.5, 7.1)

3.3 (−0.5, 7.1)

2.4 (−1.3, 6.0)

1.9 (−2.0, 5.7)

 Trajectories of dysmenorrhea

  Reference (87.1%)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

  Chronic (12.9%)

−0.1 (−3.5, 3.3)

−0.1 (−3.5, 3.3)

−0.5 (−3.8, 2.7)

−0.7 (−4.0, 2.6)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 Trajectories of heavy menstrual bleeding

  Reference (83.2%)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

  Increasing (10.5%)

3.1 (0.7, 5.6)

3.3 (0.8, 5.7)

3.2 (1.0, 5.5)

3.3 (1.1, 5.6)

  Chronic (6.3%)

3.1 (0.0, 6.2)

2.9 (−0.3, 6.0)

1.7 (−1.2, 4.6)

1.4 (−1.8, 4.5)

 Trajectories of irregular periods

  Reference (90.8%)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

  Chronic (9.2%)

4.2 (1.6, 6.8)

4.1 (1.6, 6.7)

3.3 (0.9, 5.7)

2.5 (−0.1, 5.0)

 Trajectories of dysmenorrhea

  Reference (87.1%)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

0 (ref)

  Chronic (12.9%)

0.8 (−1.5, 3.1)

0.8 (−1.5, 3.1)

0.4 (−1.7, 2.6)

0.4 (−1.7, 2.6)

  1. Model 1 was adjusted for blood pressure monitors.
  2. Model 2 was further adjusted for age, education, and area of residence in Survey 8.
  3. Model 3 was further adjusted for physical activity, smoking status in Survey 8 and body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio collected in M-PreM study.
  4. Model 4 was further adjusted for diagnosis of endometriosis, fibroid, and polycystic ovary syndrome by Survey 8, use of oral contraceptive pills in Survey 8, family history of hypertension, and history of gestational hypertension and diabetes by Survey 8.