Table 5 Summary of effects of treatment methods on four bioactive elements of breastmilk.

Freeze-thawing

Chang et al. [11]

0.115

0.398

0.082

x

Akinbi et al. [58]

NS

0.32

0.51

x

Berkow et al. [59]

NS

x

x

No effect

Holder pasteurisation

Klotz et al. [12]

0.68

0.28

0.17

0.996

Martysiak Zurowaska et al. [56]

0.6

0.44

0.58

x

Daniels et al. [60]

0.289

Statistically Significant Decrease

0.211

x

Chang et al. [11]

0.66

Statistically Significant Decrease

0.259

x

Zhang et al. [61]

0.8

0.648

0.515

0.9858

Akinbi et al. [58]

0.44

0.6

0.6

x

Aceti et al. [62]

0.875

x

x

x

Baro et al. [64]

x

x

x

1

Paulaviciene et al. [65]

0.8

0.35

0.05

0.992

Daniels et al. [60]

0.614

0.252

0.748

x

High temperature short time

Aceti et al. [62]

0.835

x

Statistically significant Decrease

x

Chantry et al. [63]

x

x

0.2

x

Baro et al. [64]

x

x

x

Activity present

Goldblum et al. [66]

x

x

x

0.97

UV-C irradiation

Christen et al. [67]

0.13

0.25

0.11

x

Microwave irradiation

Martysiak Zurowaska et al. [56]

0.5

0.3

0.09

x

High pressure processing

Zhang et al. [61]

0.48

Increase

0.022

No effect

Aceti et al. [62]

Preserved

x

Statistically significant Decrease

x

Viazis et al. [68]

x

4.2% reduction after 120 min

Statistically Significant Decrease

x