Table 2 Baseline characteristics of infants, and their mothers, in the BabyGEMS Study at 12 to 18 months’ corrected age.

From: Gestational diabetes detection thresholds and infant growth, nutrition, and neurodevelopment at 12-18 months: a prospective cohort study within a randomized trial

 

Control

Group A GDM by lower but not higher criteria: treated

Group B GDM by lower but not higher criteria: untreated

Group C GDM by higher criteria: treated

N = 135

N = 154

N = 146

N = 185

Maternal pregnancy characteristics

Age at GEMS Trial entry–year

31.5 (5.0)

32.5 (5.2)

32.6 (5.5)

31.9 (4.7)

Gestational age at GEMS Trial entry–weeks

21.6 (4.8)

22.1 (4.3)

22.7 (4.7)

22.5 (4.6)

BMI–kg/m2

26.6 (6.7)

28.4 (6.4)

28.3 (6.4)

28.7 (7.7)*

<25.0

69 (51%)

52 (34%)

51 (35%)

61 (33%)

25.0 to 29.9

30 (22%)

49 (32%)

46(32%)

59 (32%)

≥30.0

36 (27%)

53 (34%)

49 (34%)

64 (35%)

Maternal height–cm

163.9 (7.6)

162.1 (6.6)

163.1 (7.8)

160.8 (6.3)*

Nulliparous

55 (41%)

71 (46%)

62 (42%)

103 (56%)*

Prioritized ethnicitya

Māori

11 (8%)

12 (8%)

14 (10%)

12 (7%)

Pacific

21 (16%)

17 (11%)

26 (18%)

32 (17%)

Indian

14 (10%)

35 (23%)

25 (17%)

57 (31%)

Other Asian

23 (17%)

33 (21%)

30 (21%)

43 (23%)

Other non-European

8 (6%)

14 (9%)

8 (5%)

11 (6%)

European

58 (43%)

43 (28%)

43 (29%)

29 (16%)

Lower socioeconomic status

46 (34%)

64 (42%)

65 (45%)

78 (42%)

Smoker at GEMS Trial entry

3 (2%)

5 (3%)

5 (3%)

8 (4%)

Recruitment site

Counties Manukau

36 (27%)

54 (35%)

59(40%)

73 (40%)

Auckland City

89 (66%)

98 (64%)

80 (55%)

109 (59%)

History of chronic hypertension

4 (3%)

6 (4%)

5 (3%)

9 (5%)

Pregnancy induced hypertension

6 (4%)

1 (1%)

8 (5%)

10 (5%)

Family history of diabetes

47 (35%)

72 (47%)

55 (38%)

109 (59%)*

Gestational weight gain—kg

12.4 (8.1)

10.0 (6.5)

11.9 (10.2)

9.6 (7.6)*

OGTT plasma glucose concentration at GEMS Trial entryc

Fasting—mmol/L

4.3 (0.3)

4.8 (0.4)*

4.8 (0.4)*

5.2 (0.9)*

1 h—mmol/L

6.9 (1.4)

9.5 (1.4)*

9.4 (1.7)*

10.4 (1.8)*

2 h—mmol/L

5.7 (1.3)

7.4 (1.2)*

7.4 (1.1)*

9.5 (1.8)*

Pharmacologic treatment b

Metformin

0 (0%)

55 (36%)*

2 (1%)

58 (32%)*

Insulin

0 (0%)

19 (12%)*

1 (1%)

37 (20%)*

Metformin and insulin

0 (0%)

27 (18%)*

0 (0%)

40 (22%)*

None

135 (100%)

53 (34%)*

143 (98%)

49 (27%)*

Induction of labour

34 (25%)

93 (60%)*

46 (32%)

102 (55%)*

Caesarean delivery

49 (36%)

63 (41%)

70 (48%)

70 (38%)

Emergency caesarean

26 (19%)

42 (27%)

45 (31%)

49 (27%)

Infant characteristics

Sex–female

58 (43%)

76 (49%)

73 (50%)

86 (47%)

Gestational age at birth–weeks

39.6 (1.3)

38.7 (1.1)*

39.2 (1.5)*

38.2 (1.3)*

37 to 38 weeks

35 (26%)

75 (49%)*

45 (31%)

112 (61%)*

<37 weeks

3 (2%)

9 (6%)

6 (4%)

20 (11%)*

Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes

5 (4%)

1 (1%)

3 (2%)

1 (1%)

Age at follow-up—months

12.5 (1.4)

12.3 (1.1)

12.5 (1.0)

12.4 (1.5)

  1. Data are mean (standard deviation) or number (percent). * P < 0.05 for comparison with Controls. Lower socioeconomic status defined as New Zealand Deprivation Index 8–10. Maternal BMI calculated from pre-pregnancy weight or if this was unavailable, from weight at pregnancy booking.
  2. BMI body mass index, GEMS Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Trial of Detection Thresholds.
  3. aMaternal ethnicity was determined by self-report, according to national protocols, and prioritised for analysis as Māori, Pacific, Indian, Other Asia, Other non-European, European.
  4. bThree women in Group B (2%) received a late diagnosis of GDM at ≥35 weeks’ gestation following a clinically indicated non-GEMS OGTT and commenced pharmacologic treatment.
  5. cTo convert glucose concentration in mmol/L to mg/dL divide by 0.0555.
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